Tkmb

To Kill a Mockingbird Project – Yen Vo and Eve Chen Foreshadowing – One form of foreshadowing in this novel is when Scout finds the bubble gum in the tree (page 44) . This event foreshadows the interaction between Jem, Scout and Boo, as Boo is putting those presents in the tree for Jem and Scout to find. Another instance of foreshadowing is when Jem finds his pants mended for him when he goes back to get them on page 76. We find out they were fixed for him afterwards on page 78 and when Jem states that â€Å"They’d been sewed up. Not like a lady sewed ‘em. -â€Å" ; this foreshadows the care of Boo Radley for Jem and Scout . We see later on, during the fire, that Boo cares for Scout when he places the blanket upon her. The last instance of foreshadowing would be when Scout is eavesdropping on one of Atticus’s conversations. Atticus was aware that she was listening and allowed for it to happen for quite some time before he calls her out and tells her to go to bed (page 117). This foreshadows the trial plot. Initial Incident – Boo Radley plot: I found that the initial incident within the Boo Radley plot was when Dill was curious about Boo, as it leads to further interactions with the Radley place and the climax (when the children are interacting physically with the Radley place). Trial plot: The initial incident within the trial plot would be when Atticus and Uncle Jack are conversing. This leads to the conviction of Tom and the tension between him and Bob. In Medias Res- I believe that the novel does not begin in medias res, because it does not begin in the middle of a significant event. It begins, however, with Scout explaining to us the situation and thus moving into a flashback of prior events. Motivation – I think that, in this novel, Scout’s biggest motivation is her Father. You really see her character develop as Atticus begins to tell her more. At the beginning, she was very blunt. She didn’t have much care for others or realization of her effect on others. This gradually changes throughout the book as Atticus begins to imply more about what’s right and what’s wrong. He tells her to often be mindful of others and their way of living as well as what they provide for her. For example, he tells Scout to â€Å"think about what Cal does for [her], and mind her,† which has an effect on Scout later as she no longer treats Calpurnia with disrespect or in a rude, ill-mannered way. This, among other implications, leads to a great development of Scout and thus shows the reader that Atticus is, indeed, her biggest form of motivation. Indeterminate resolution – I believe that in the Boo Radley plot there is an indeterminate resolution. I think this, because Boo Radley eventually â€Å"came out† after all that Scout, Jem, and Dill had done. Regardless to the fact that all three of these children were responsible for him coming out, Scout had been the only person to have met Boo Radley, but never saw him again afterwards. It was pleasing to see that Scout had finally been able to meet him, but will never see again nor will Jem or Dill ever meet, and this makes the resolution indeterminate and thus, the reader must decide on their own whether is was a sad, or a happy ending. Resolution – In my opinion, the resolution is satisfying, because after the development of the plot and the issues and questions that had risen from the story were resolved. Also, the solutions were realistic, regardless that they were not as expected or to my preference, but the realistic ideas enhance the story. For example, when Bob was trying to harm Jem and Scout, Scout was able to meet Boo Radley and that links the two storylines and resolves the Boo Radley plot. Setting – There are two passages in which I saw that the setting was significant to more than the physical aspect. One was : Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. In rainy weather the streets turned to red slop; grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged in the square. Somehow, it was hotter then: a black dog suffered on a summer’s day; bony mules hitched to Hoover carts flicked flies in the sweltering shade of the live oaks on the square. Men’s stiff collars wilted by nine in the morning. Ladies bathed before noon, after their three-o’clock naps, and by nightfall were like soft teacakes with frostings of sweat and sweet talcum. because it reveals much more to us about the area, rather than just what eyes might see. We get a feeling of isolation and dreariness from the description. The other would be: The back of the Radley house was less inviting than the front: a ramshackle porch ran the width of the house; there were two doors and two dark windows between the doors. Instead of a column, a rough two-by-four supported one end of the roof. An old Franklin stove sat in a corner of the porch; above it a hat-rack mirror caught the moon and shone eerily. because it evokes a sense of darkness and fear, which is represented further as the children are leaving. Suspense – Three suspenseful moments, I believe, would include when Scout states â€Å" There was more to it than he knew, but I ecided not to tell him. † (page 50) This is suspenseful, because it leaves the reader wondering what could Scout be talking about. What was it that she wouldn’t tell him? And what was its significance? Another moment would be when Scout says â€Å"Then I saw the shadow. † This leaves a very tense and suspenseful feeling, because it raises many questions on what might happen next. The last moment would be this passage: But I must have been reasonably awake, or I would not have received the impression that was creeping into me. It was not unlike one I had last winter, and I shivered, though the night was hot. The feeling grew until the atmosphere in the courtroom was exactly the same as a cold February morning, when the mockingbirds were still, and the carpenters had stopped hammering on Miss Maudie’s new house, and every wood door in the neighborhood was shut as tight as the doors of the Radley Place. A deserted, waiting, empty street, and the courtroom was packed with people. A steaming summer night was no different from a winter morning. Mr. Heck Tate, who had entered the courtroom and was talking to Atticus, might have been wearing his high boots and lumber jacket. Atticus had stopped his tranquil journey and had put his foot onto the bottom rung of a chair; as he listened to what Mr. Tate was saying, he ran his hand slowly up and down his thigh. because it leaves questionable results within the reader and it’s a bit of a cliffhanger in which we can’t determine entirely what will happen next. Symbol – Three symbols within the novel would be mockingbirds, Boo Radley, and the snowman. The mockingbird holds a lot of symbolic meaning within the book. The mockingbird in the book represents the idea of innocence, and when killing the mockingbird it is killing the innocence. Boo Radley helps symbolize the development of Jem and Scout’s innocence into a grown-up moral perspective. The snowman, being black on the inside and white on the outside, symbolizes how the whites need the blacks even in a society in which the white people seem to be predominant. Theme – I believe that a main theme in this novel is the existence of social inequality, in which there is a growing prejudice towards various groups of people. This relates to several human conditions, such as isolation. When there is the inequality mentioned in this novel, it creates isolation to those certain individuals. Another human condition, in which it may relate, is risk-taking. As those individuals in whom the prejudice is against, they constantly take risks whenever they may do something of their will, because the spectators around them will not accept it and might do whatever is needed to stop it. The last human condition would be the commitment to values. This is major, because no matter the effects of others, these people within the book will fight until the end and will stay true to their beliefs. Tone – Narrated action: â€Å"Jem leaped off the porch and galloped toward us. He flung open the gate, danced Dill and me through, and shooed us between two rows of swishing collards. Halfway through the collards I tripped; as I tripped the roar of a shotgun shattered the neighborhood† This narrated action of the kids leaving the Radley house on page 71 creates a very urgent tone, as the use of the words â€Å"galloped† and â€Å"flung† are fast-action paced movements in which a reader would feel the urgency of the situation. Also the intensity of the tone is described in the last sentence, because in a situation such as that one the moment begins to get very tense and suspenseful as to what will happen next. Description: â€Å"The back of the Radley house was less inviting than the front: a ramshackle porch ran the width of the house; there were two doors and two dark windows between the doors. Instead of a column, a rough two-by-four supported on end of the roof. And old Franklin stove sat in the corner of the porch; above it a hat-rack mirror caught the moon and shone eerily† This is a description of the Radley house on page 70 when Scout, Jem, and Dill decide to try to see into it. The tone of this passage is an eerie, frightening one. It’s description is vivd and describes a place in which most people would run from, and thus creates the tone as states before. Dialogue: â€Å"Hush your mouth! Don’t matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this house’s yo’comp’ny, and you don’t let me catch you remarkin’ on their ways like you was so high and mighty! Yo’ folks might be better’n the Cunninghams but it don’t count for nothin’ the way you’re disgracin’ ‘em – if you can’t act fit to eat the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen! This is dialogue in which Calpurnia is speaking to Scout about her behaviour around Walter Cunningham. The tone this creates is very fierce and strong, because it states that she â€Å"whispered fiercely† in which a reader can imagine the anger and the strong tone that she would be addressing to Scout in. Verisimiltude – I find that a moment when Harper Lee demonstrates verisimilitude is when Cecil Jones is beckoning that Atticus defends â€Å"niggers† in a tone that it would be almost shameful of Atticus to do. This reates a feeling in which it seems realistic, because during that time, people would accuse black persons as guilty, no matter what. It shows a prejudice against different coloured persons in which readers would know was present in that time. We understand that during this era it was practically impossible for a black man to win any sort of fight against an unjust accusation, and thus, helps make the novel seem more realistic. Antagonist – Right off the bat, in Part 1, Scout seems to meet a whole range of antagonists. While some are less memorable and less significant; such as Scout’s fights on the playground, misunderstandings between her and Miss Caroline, her bickers with Jem and her utter dislike towards her cousin Francis, there are some that represent a turning point for the characters or last throughout the whole story. One antagonist I think was a turning point for Scout and Jem was Mrs. Dubose. From Scout’s point of view, Mrs. Dubose is depicted as a rather vicious woman, who likes verbally abuse the Finch family, which is no concern to their father. She is more of an antagonist for Jem rather than Scout, as her words seem to wear Jem down more than it has an effect on Scout. The other ones in Part 1 are not as strong of antagonists but their opposition with the protagonists do last throughout the story. They are Aunt Alexandra and Nathan Radley. Nathan Radley, just wants to keep the children away from his brother Boo, but in the process he appears many times to have a slight dislike for the kids. While Aunt Alexandra is someone Scout dislikes due to the attitude her aunt poses towards her. The main antagonist that appears in the trial plot is the main theme of hatred against black people. This theme is represented in many characters but is most noticeable in Bob Ewell. I think this hatred is largely evident to have affected Jem the most because he had felt the most confident that Tom would not be convicted, and starts to cry when the opposite decision is made. He then tries to shut out the memory of the trial from his mind in order to grow up in hopes of fixing this hatred. Antecedent action – 1. During the first five years in Maycomb, Atticus practiced economy more than anything; for several years thereafter he invested his earnings in his brother’s education. 2. †Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired town when I first knew it. 3. â€Å"Our mother died when I was two, so I never felt her absence. † Caricature – Scout: She is described by the adults as a girl who always wears overalls, never skirts. In the time of the story she c an be mocked for not acting the way a normal girl of her age should act. Characterization – Choleric: Scout is someone I would consider choleric. She has a restless nature as a kid and has the impulse to act on her feelings not fully aware of what the consequences will be. She can be described with having the tendency of being physically aggressive when nothing else works out due to her playground fights she constantly has with her classmates earlier on in the book. Melancholic: Mayella Ewell is a girl I feel is rather moody as she seems confused and shy. She does not want to talk much in court anxious that her words can have consequences. She also seems rather unsociable as she does not speak to anyone outside of her household except for Tom. Phlegmatic: Atticus is a lawyer who understands how to keep his calm. He is sensitive to the people around him and acts the same manner towards everyone no matter who the person may be. Sanguine: A character that I find quite lively would be Dill. Although he expresses to Scout how he feels lonely at home, he is one not to let the issue make him depressed. He finds a way to narrate it in a creative way to Jem and Scout before he reveals the truth. He is very easy going with his words as he tells Scout he hopes to marry her when he grows up, not caring about the problems that come along with his words. Direct: – Walter Cunningham (â€Å"If Walter had owned any shoes he would have worn them the first day of school and discarded them until mid-winter. He did have a clean shirt and neatly mended overalls. †) In this sentence alone, Walter doesn’t seem to be able to afford another pair of shoes or he would have not had to wait until it was cold to reuse them. Scout later in provides evidence towards this statement when she tells Miss Caroline about how the Cunningham family â€Å"never took anything they can’t pay back – no church baskets and no script stamps. She also explains to the teacher â€Å"They don’t have much, but they get along on it. † -â€Å"Burris† Ewell (â€Å"The boy stood up. He was the filthiest human I had ever seen. †) This sentence gives us detail on Burris’ physical character as previously mentioned in this chapter, the reason they children stopped to look at Burris in the first place was becau se something had crawled out of his hair. – Mrs. Dubose (â€Å"She was vicious. Once she heard Jem refer to our father as â€Å"Atticus† and her reaction was apoplectic. †) The writer does not waste time in pointing out to us that Mrs. Dubose is a vicious character. Also as many children do not refer to their fathers by their first name, she may have found this as the children growing up with disobedient manners. Indirect: – Dill (â€Å"The Radley Place fascinated Dill. In spite of our warnings and explanations it drew him as the moon draws water, but drew him no nearer than the light-pole on the corner, a safe distance from the Radley gate. †) This quote is conveniently placed at the beginning, to give us hints of Dill’s character right of the bat. He, like most children, is curious and has a desire to cure his curiosity no matter the cause, but is threatened by the thought of encountering something horrific or disappointing. This characterization is again used later on in the story when he goes with the Finch children to the trial, but later ends up crying when the trial ends up leaving him confused and short of words. -Calpurnia (â€Å"Again I thought her voice strange: she was talking like the rest of them. †) Calpurnia when is first heard by Scout talking to a fellow black person, she finds it odd how she changes her dialogue and grammar to match theirs. This hints that Calpurnia, even though she is well educated I too ashamed or embarrassed to be different from the rest of her community. – Atticus (â€Å"He put the newspaper down very carefully, adjusting its creases with lingering fingers. They were trembling a little. †) In the part of the story Atticus is confronted by several men from Maycomb, somewhat threatening him for taking action on defending Tom Robinson. We can tell that Atticus must have felt some fear making his fingers tremble, but still remains calm trying to remove the children from the scene. Dynamic: I do not find Atticus as an overly dynamic character. Throughout the book, his attitude towards the people of Maycomb does not change as well his actions are not compromised. He has some instances of disbelief and confusion towards the ending of the book, but these instances do not have much effect on Attticus’ psychological thinking. Realistic: Jem is a boy with very realistic feelings. He tries to hide his problems from the people around him, as he recognizes their problems and does not want to add to the issue. He reminds me of a teenager wanting to be left alone to think of their future or to sort out their thoughts. Stock: Burris Ewell to me is considered as a stock character. He portrays what people typically think of as â€Å"hill-billys†. He is too poor and his family too corrupted for him to attend school, therefore he drops out after a few days of it. Static: Bob Ewell to me has not changed in any way throughout the story. He is a person many people disrespect dues to his attitude and actions, and he proves it by having the trial against Tom Robinson, assuming he would be a hero for treating a black person like trash. He is deeply angered though, when people do not approve of his action and threatens not only adults but having the will to kill children in the end, proving to us that his personality does not change one bit. Climax – I think the climatic event of the trial plot was when Tom was convicted of rape. In the trial the tension between the two parties, being Tom and Bob, heat up as the plot is explained more with every testimony given. The information is accumulated to a point where the jury has to make a decision. This decision would then give us the climax and the result of everything that occurs afterward. The climax of the Boo Radley plot would for me be when the children sneak into the Radley house, although they see nothing, they are chased out of the house with fear. This fear I would consider to be the climax as afterwards the children seems to gradually stop thinking about Boo Radley, resulting in a denouement. Complication- In the trial plot, Scout’s main goal is to understand the trial and the changes it brought to the people around her. This is complicated by the fact that many of the people in Maycomb whom she thought she understood are suddenly opposed to Atticus’ actions. Some significant ones are the whispers of parents towards their children to treat the Finch children well, as Scout does not understand why they needed to be treated any differently. Another would be the how the adults in the story try to get Scout and the other children to leave the court, as she feels as she needs to be there to feel at ease with what’s been happening around her. In the Boo Radley Plot, the children’s main goal is to get Boo out of his house. They are stopped however, by many adults in hopes that they would stop pestering the Radley family. To these adults dismay, they continue though until one day they attempt to sneak into the Radley house and Jem loses his pants. After this, Jem is terrified enough that they stop these attempts. They then start finding odd objects in the tree near their house that start up their goal again, but this is quickly stopped when Nathan Radley presumably fills the tree hole. Conflict- Scout: Although Scout has to deal with the problem of the aftereffects of the trial towards the ending of her story, I think her conflict is how her peers and kin try to train her to be a lady as she is aware of their attempts and reasons but feel that they re unreasonable. Jem: Jem unlike Scout has a better understanding of why the adults want him to grow up to be a gentleman, but this is complicated when the trial of Tom Robinson comes into his life. He feels confused and rather that the trial ws unjust that he tries to erase every memory of this moment, leaving his emotions with nowhere to go. Dill: Dill de als with the problem of being a lonely child. He initially is sent to Maycomb to spend time with his aunt. Miss Rachel but Maycomb later on becomes his place of refuge when he runs away from home. He explains that he left because he felt as if his parents have no interest in him and he has no siblings to share this feeling with. Atticus: Atticus may be a confident lawyer, but he seems to be self-concious when it comes to being a father. He always tries to help his children follow the correct path in life but sometimes doubts himself in the process. This happens more frequently after the trial has taken place, as Atticus hopes that his children are not outcasted in the town due to his actions and beliefs in the trial plot. Crisis- When the Boo Radley and trial plot interlock, a crisis occurs as Scout and Jem who struggle to escape from Bob Ewell are rescued by Boo, this comes as a turning point as Scout had always thought Boo would never come out of his house, even though she had moments when she wishes he does. Deux ex Machina- Bob Ewell’s death would be something I would consider as deux ex machina, as it was very unlikely that anything was going to happen to Bob Ewell after the trial, however his death was placed in there will the people of Maycomb believing he fell on his knife. I think the author had placed this in the story to give us closure being that the narrator of the story was a child that would have slept uneasy knowing that Bob Ewell was still alive. Dialogue- The dialogue in the novel I felt was well written. It was very clear in the dialogue who was speaking and who they were speaking to most of the time according to their tone of voice and the emotions they express. Discovery- Scout throughout the book, her perceptions of Boo Radley changes as it goes from believing he was a dangerous man, to someone that save her and Jem’s lives. Exposition – 1. â€Å"He liked Maycomb, he was Maycomb Country born and bred; he knew his people, they knew him and because Simon Finch’s industry, Atticus was related by blood or marriage to nearly every family in the town. † This background info at the beginning doesn’t seem like much, as it just explains to us how close the Finch family is to the people of the town. However later on, we find out that due to Atticus being family to almost everyone in Maycomb, it is harder for them to deal with him defending a black person accused of a despicable crime. 2. † First Purchase Africa M. E. Church was in the Quarters outside the southern town limits, across the old sawmill tracks. It was an ancient paint-peeled frame building, the only church in Maycomb with a steeple and bell, called First Purchase because it was paid for from the first earnings of freed slaves. Negroes worshiped in it on Sundays and white men gambled in it on weekdays. † This gives us insight on how the black people of the time were disrespected, that a house of worship for the people is regarded as a house of sin for a white man. Flashback- In one flashback, when Scout explains to us once when Uncle Jack helped her with an injury when she was younger. For me, I would consider the whole story a flashback. The story starts off with telling us about when Jem was thirteen, but on the next page it tells us Jem is only eleven. Foil- Bob Ewell can be considered a foil to Atticus as Atticus does not seem to view him as an enemy but someone rather with opposite values. Bob Ewell is what the people in Maycomb would consider a no-good, and being careless towards his children. While Atticus is seen as the opposite as a man who takes good care of his children and is focused on his job. Hero- the hero in this book would be Atticus. Atticus being a lawyer, to the children it seems like he is defending â€Å"innocent† people no matter who it is as to them he seems like a hero. Jem idolizes his dad, as he shows many instances of wanting to grow up and be a lawyer like his dad. Many people around Scout also praise Atticus as being a hero for being able to stand up for his beliefs and not giving up no matter the situation. Narrator- I believe Scout is a combination of a naive and reliable narrator. She is naive being that she only a child and have not developed a complete understanding about the situations around them. We catch her not understanding the trial as much as we thought when Jem accuses Scout of not being able to comprehend the situation. This is later proven when the results from the jury are shown yet she does not feel as sentimental as her family does towards the situation. Protagonist – the protagonist in this book would be Scout. It is Scout because she is narrating the story in first person, meaning the story is about problems and situations revolving her she is the only person that all the situations in the entire book could be about. Subplot – I think the Boo Radley plot would be considered as a subplot, as this plot I feel does not impact the reader as much as the trial plot. The Boo Radley part gives us an introduction to the children and their lives, but they do not give us a clear problem that the children deal with. The Boo Radley plot does not seem to have much effect on the children when they are grown enough to accept that Boo Radley will not come out of his house as they seem to accept Boo they way he is.

Belbins Roles In Learning Education Essay

This study is all about our group work. How we formed the group and completed the work. What jobs we faced and how we overcome them. Theories we used and the acquisition ‘s. My study is divided into 2 parts: A and B. Part A – how we did it – procedure Part B – what we did – contentPart – AngstromWhilst working in the group we experienced so many things, we besides learn how of import group work is. We besides learnt how to work in the group as a squad participant. We besides noticed as a group we had gone through all the phases which are said by B W Tuckman, which is as follows:FORMINGThis is the phase where we formed our group. We were in group â€Å" D † which was formed by our professor indiscriminately and I got the chance to take the group with the common consent of all group members. Our group consist of 6 members and their descriptions are follows:NameBelbin functionsDescriptionStrengthsFailingShatrughna ( raj )squad leaderTeam worker Cares for persons and the squad. Good hearer and works to decide societal jobs. Can hold jobs doing hard determinations. Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic Listens, physiques, averts clash Indecisive in crunch state of affairssVijay SinghCompleter Closer Faithfully sees things through to the terminal, pressing out the furrows and guaranting everything plants good. Can worry excessively much and non trust others. Painstaking, careful and dying Searchs out errors and skips Delivers on clip Inclined to worry overly Unwilling to deputeShervinCo -ordinator Respected leader who helps everyone focal point on their undertaking. Can be seen as overly commanding. Mature, confident, a good president Explains ends, promotes decision-making, delegates good Can frequently be seen as manipulative Off tonss personal workGinsySpecialist Has expert knowledge/skills in cardinal countries and will work out many jobs here. Can be disinterested in all other countries. Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated Provides cognition and accomplishments in rare supply Contributes merely on a narrow forepart Dwells on triflesKayMaker Tonss of energy and action, disputing others to travel forwards. Can be insensitive. Challenging, dynamic and thrives on force per unit area The thrust and bravery to get the better of obstructions Prone to aggravation Offends people ‘s feelingsAZeeshanResource research worker Explores new thoughts and possibilities with energy and with others. Good networker. Can be excessively optimistic and lose energy after the initial flower. Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative Explores chances Develops contacts Over-optimistic Loses involvement one time initial enthusiasm has passed From the above tabular array we can understand that we had every possible Belbin ‘s characters in our group. Bing the leader of the group I had the duty of our success and failure. My biggest challenge was to maintain integrity within the group and at the same clip I had to concentrate on our undertaking: things like subject, research and all. First thing I did was the debut session, where we all sat together in the canteen and introduced ourselves to each other. In that clip we didnt speak anything about our subject and undertaking. The chief thought was to cognize each other really good so that everyone feels comfy in working together. Following measure was how we will pass on with each other so I made a private web site for our squad where we all can come any clip and unrecorded confab, web log, remark and interchange our thoughts.www.freewebs.com/time4studyLearning:High dependance on leader for counsel and way. Small understanding on squad aims other than received from leader. Individual functions and duties are ill-defined. Leader must be prepared to reply tonss of inquiries about the squad ‘s intent, aims and external relationships. Procedures are frequently ignored. Members test tolerance of system and leader. Leader directs ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Telling ‘ manner ) .STORMINGThis is the phase where I realised the importance of Belbin ‘s theory. Before get downing the undertaking we had to take a subject so I came up with several subjects. When I put my thoughts in forepart of everyone, I got different responses from different people, as said in belbin ‘s theory people started demoing their characters. We all were confused, tensed and started sort of contending. Thingss were looking truly bad and I was truly disquieted about the integrity in the group. I besides saw a sort of group formation within our group. Then I personally approached everyone. I spoke to them separately about what ‘s incorrect. What is the job? I tried my best to convert them about the importance of integrity and fortuitously I got a positive response. Actually there was no job ; it ‘s merely the clang of different personalities. And subsequently on everyone realised that. So eventually we decided on one subject and consulted our coach about our thought. We got really good response from our coach and once more we were happy and united.Learning:Decisions do n't come easy within group. Team members vie for place as they attempt to set up themselves in relation to other squad members and the leader, who might have challenges from squad members. Clarity of purpose additions but plentifulness of uncertainnesss persist. Cliques and cabals signifier and there may be power battles. The squad needs to be focused on its ends to avoid going distracted by relationships and emotional issues. Compromises may be required to enable advancement. Leader managers ( similar to Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Selling ‘ manner ) .NORMINGNow everything was clear, there was no misinterpretation and most significantly we knew our subject of research. This is the phase where people started sharing their jobs with each other and recognized my function as a squad leader. Now I wanted to organize everything decently so that we do n't halt in the center. I distributed the work and gave them the option for any alterations. I asked everyone separately if they are happy or non. Again I had to do some alterations in our programs for their convenience. Now, we knew precisely what everyone had to make. Everyone knew their functions, their country of research and work. We all started concentrating on our portion of research.Raj( Research, information assemblage, organizing, accounts, debut and decision, assisting everyone )Vijay( Problems, types, illustrations, impact, planing, )Ginsy( Psychological jobs, impact )Shervin( Solutions and recommendations )ZeeshanHelping custodiesKayHelping custodiesLearning:Agreement and consensus is mostly formed amongst squad, who respond good to facilitation by leader. Roles and duties are clear and accepted. Large determinations are made by group understanding. Smaller determinations may be delegated to persons or little squads within group. Commitment and integrity is strong. The squad may prosecute in merriment and societal activities. The squad discusses and develops its procedures and working manner. There is general regard for the leader and some of leading is more shared by the squad. Leader f acilitates and enables ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Participating ‘ manner ) .ActingUndertakings were given now the clip was to execute and everyone had to demo their quality. Result was flooring. We all shared our work and we all were really happy to see that we were on the right path. Personally, I was really happy to see the quality of our work. Everyone had done tonss of difficult work which was demoing in the research stuff. I had great trouble while finalizing the presentation. I was confused about what to see in the presentation and what should go forth. Fortunately everyone were collaborating and believing about what is best for the group. We finished our presentation and were thirstily waiting for showing it in forepart of everyone.Learning:The squad is more strategically cognizant ; the squad knows clearly what it is making and why it is making. The squad has a shared vision and is able to stand on its ain pess with no intervention or engagemen t from the leader. There is a focal point on over-achieving ends, and the squad makes most of the determinations against standards agreed with the leader. The squad has a high grade of liberty. Disagreements occur but now they are resolved within the squad positively and necessary alterations to procedures and construction are made by the squad. The squad is able to work towards accomplishing the end, and besides to go to to relationship, manner and procedure issues along the manner. Team members look after each other. The squad requires delegated undertakings and undertakings from the leader. The squad does non necessitate to be instructed or assisted. Team members might inquire for aid from the leader with personal and interpersonal development. Leader delegates and oversees ( similar to the Situational LeadershipA ® ‘Delegating ‘ manner ) .ADJOURNINGLearning:Tuckman ‘s 5th phase, Adjourning, is the break-up of the group, hopefully when the undertaking is compl eted successfully, its intent fulfilled ; everyone can travel on to new things, experiencing good about what ‘s been achieved. From an organisational position, acknowledgment of and sensitiveness to people ‘s exposures in Tuckman ‘s 5th phase is helpful, peculiarly if members of the group have been closely bonded and experience a sense of insecurity or menace from this alteration. Feelingss of insecurity would be natural for people with high ‘steadiness ‘ properties ( as respects the ‘four dispositions ‘ or DISC theoretical account ) and with strong modus operandi and empathy manner ( as respects theA BenzigerA believing manners theoretical account, right and left basal encephalon laterality ) .Part – BacillusWhat is our subject? Our subject of presentation and research was â€Å" employee favoritism † Why we chose this subject? While analyzing human resources we noticed that we did n't discourse about diverseness and favoritism and this is the biggest job faced by all administrations because of globalization. We thought this is a alone subject and everyone will acquire the opportunity to larn how favoritism impacts and what is the solution. After all today or tomorrow we all are traveling to confront this job.My part:As a squad leader I had to take the enterprise and inspire others from my work. I started posting my work on our web site. I did research on – Diversity and favoritism, Meaning and definitions London as a diverse metropolis Problems and impact Solutions and recommendations Laws and moralss My entire work was around 10,000 words. ( Can be viewed on our web site ) hypertext transfer protocol: //time4study.webs.com/apps/blog/My work methodological analysis:Undertakingaˆ? specify the undertaking aˆ? make the program aˆ? allocate work and resources aˆ? control quality and rate of work aˆ? cheque public presentation against program aˆ? adjust the programTeamaˆ? maintain subject aˆ? physique squad spirit aˆ? encourage, motivate, give a sense of intent aˆ? appoint sub-leaders aˆ? guarantee communicating within group aˆ? develop the groupMembershipSize of the groupCompatibility of membersDiversenessIndividualaˆ? attend to personal jobs aˆ? congratulations persons aˆ? give position aˆ? recognize and utilize single abilities aˆ? develop the personCardinal Drivers:Group coherence + public presentationStructure and mannerManagement and leadingSuccessExternal menaceWork environmentNature ofthe undertakingPhysicalputingCommunicationTechnologyGroup development and adulthoodFormingRampingNormingPerformingLearning as Team leader:Learning as team leader:Ideal taking mannerAsking inquiries alternatively of giving repliesBy inquiring such inquiries such as â€Å" What do you believe we should make? † or â€Å" How make you propose we continue? † you take a measure behind another individual. Whether you stay behind, of class, depends on your purpose to really follow the suggestion or reply of that other individual.Supplying chances for others to take youThis goes beyond the traditional impression of looking for growing chances for other people. Unless the chance in inquiry bears a existent hazard for your personal public presentation result, you are non really positioning yourself as a follower.Ma king existent work in support of others alternatively of merely the contraryRolling up your arms and lending â€Å" perspiration equity † to the attempts and results of other people earns you their grasp as person upon whom they can depend, irrespective of the comparative hierarchical or functional place each of you holds.Leader must follow are:Individual public presentationAs a leader, you must follow another person, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? That person, through experience, accomplishment, and opinion, knows best. aˆ? That person ‘s growing demands that you invest more in his or her accomplishment and assurance than in your ain. aˆ? Merely that single, non you, has the capacity ( the clip and chance ) to â€Å" acquire it done †Team public presentationAs a leader, you must follow the squad if: aˆ? The squad ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The squad, non you, must develop accomplishments and assurance aˆ? The squad ‘s agreed-upon working attack requires you, like all the others, to make existent workOrganizational public presentationAs a leader, you must follow others, irrespective of hierarchy, if: aˆ? The organisation ‘s intent and public presentation ends demand it aˆ? The demand for spread outing the leading capacity of others in the organisation requires it aˆ? â€Å" Living † the vision and values enjoins you to make soFive transformational manners:Transformational StyleLeader Behaviour1 ) Idealized Behaviors: populating one ‘s ideals aˆ? Talk about their most of import values and beliefs aˆ? Specify the importance of holding a strong sense of intent aˆ? See the moral and ethical effects of determinations aˆ? Champion exciting new possibilities aˆ? Talk about the importance of swearing each other2 ) Inspirational Motivation:animating others aˆ? Talk optimistically about the hereafter aˆ? Talk enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished aˆ? Articulate a compelling vision of the hereafter aˆ? Express assurance that ends will be achieved aˆ? Provide an exciting image of what is indispensable to see aˆ? Take a base on controversial issues3 ) Intellectual Stimulation:exciting others aˆ? Re-examine critical premises to oppugn whether they are appropriate aˆ? Seek differing positions when work outing jobs aˆ? Get others to look at jobs from many different angles aˆ? Suggest new ways of looking at how to finish assignments aˆ? Encourage non-traditional thought to cover with traditional jobs aˆ? Encourage rethinking those thoughts which have ne'er been questioned before 4 ) Individualized Consideration: coaching and development aˆ? Spend clip instruction and coaching aˆ? Treat others as persons instead than merely as members of the group aˆ? Consider persons as holding different demands, abilities, and aspirations from others aˆ? Help others to develop their strengths aˆ? Listen attentively to others ‘ concerns aˆ? Promote ego development5 ) Idealized Properties:Respect, trust, and religion aˆ? Instill pride in others for being associated with them aˆ? Go beyond their opportunisms for the good of the group aˆ? Act in ways that build others ‘ regard aˆ? Display a sense of power and competency aˆ? Make personal forfeits for others ‘ benefit aˆ? Reassure others that obstructions will be overcomeDecisionAlthough non every group got to the harmonic public presentation phase, I felt really lucky to be portion of a cohesive group. Our group went through all five phases described by Tuckman. As we were schoolmates in the same class, we went through phase one really rapidly. The storming phase largely evolved in the first hebdomad when we discussed which sort of subject we should take. However, every struggle was dealt with rapidly and swimmingly, this was partially because we knew each other really good already, and besides because no 1 of us had a ascendant personality, and I would wish to state everyone in our group was really nice, helpful and difficult working. So every bit long as we decided to make the undertaking, we shortly engaged to norming phase and put up the regulations each one should follow. We did back up each other, and our communicating had ever been really good. Based on the successful old phases, our g roup performed really good, successfully developed the presentation. Finally, although our undertaking had finished, all five of us became really good friends, and maintain in good touch boulder clay now. After reexamining the theories together with my ain experience, I would reason that, in pattern, many groups can work good even without consciousness of this theoretical account. However, with these theoretical accounts ‘ aid, we can break understand what is go oning and traveling to go on during group development, and this consciousness can assist us to better decide any possible jobs and acquire to the perform phase more rapidly.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 29-30

29 RIVERA Right in the middle of the interrogation Detective Sergeant Alphonse Rivera had a vision. He saw himself behind the counter at Seven-Eleven, bagging microwave burritos and pumping Slush-Puppies. It was obvious that the suspect, Robert Masterson, was telling the truth. What was worse was that he not only didn't have any connection with the marijuana Rivera's men had found in the trailer, but he didn't have the slightest idea where The Breeze had gone. The deputy district attorney, an officious little weasel who was only putting time in at the D.A.'s office until his fangs were sharp enough for private practice, had made the state's position on the case clear and simple: â€Å"You're fucked, Rivera. Cut him loose.† Rivera was clinging to a single, micro-thin strand of hope: the second suitcase, the one that Masterson had made such a big deal about back at the trailer. It lay open on Rivera's desk. A jumble of notebook paper, cocktail napkins, matchbook covers, old business cards, and candy wrappers stared out of the suitcase at him. On each one was written a name, an address, and a date. The dates were obviously bogus, as they went back to the 1920s. Rivera had riffled through the mess a dozen times without making any sort of connection. Deputy Perez approached Rivera's desk. He was doing his best to affect an attitude of sympathy, without much success. Everything he had said that morning had carried with it a sideways smirk. Twain had put it succinctly: â€Å"Never underestimate the number of people who would love to see you fail.† â€Å"Find anything yet?† Perez asked. The smirk was there. Rivera looked up from the papers, took out a cigarette, and lit it. A long stream of smoke came out with his sigh. â€Å"I can't see how any of this connects with The Breeze. The addresses are spread all over the country. The dates run too far back to be real.† â€Å"Maybe it's a list of connections The Breeze was planning to dump the pot on,† Perez suggested. â€Å"You know the Feds estimate that more than ten percent of the drugs in this country move through the postal system.† â€Å"What about the dates?† â€Å"Some kind of code, maybe. Did the handwriting check out?† Rivera had sent Perez back to the trailer to find a sample of The Breeze's handwriting. He had returned with a list of engine parts for a Ford truck. â€Å"No match,† Rivera said. â€Å"Maybe the list was written by his connection.† Rivera blew a blast of smoke in Perez's face. â€Å"Think about it, dipshit. I was his connection.† â€Å"Well, someone blew your cover, and The Breeze ran.† â€Å"Why didn't he take the pot?† â€Å"I don't know, Sergeant. I'm just a uniformed deputy. This sounds like detective work to me.† Perez had stopped trying to hide his smirk. â€Å"I'd take it to the Spider if I were you.† That made a consensus. Everyone who had seen or heard about the suitcase had suggested that Rivera take it to the Spider. He sat back in his chair and finished his cigarette, enjoying his last few moments of peace before the inevitable confrontation with the Spider. After a few long drags he stubbed the cigarette in the ashtray on his desk, gathered the papers into the suitcase, closed it, and started down the steps into the bowels of the station and the Spider's lair. Throughout his life Rivera had known half a dozen men nicknamed Spider. Most were tall men with angular features and the wiry agility that one associates with a wolf spider. Chief Technical Sergeant Irving Nailsworth was the exception. Nailsworth stood five feet nine inches tall and weighed over three hundred pounds. When he sat before his consoles in the main computer room of the San Junipero Sheriff Department, he was locked into a matrix that extended not only throughout the county but to every state capital in the nation, as well as to the main computer banks at the FBI and the Justice Department in Washington. The matrix was the Spider's web and he lorded over it like a fat black widow. As Rivera opened the steel door that led into the computer room, he was hit with a blast of cold, dry air. Nailsworth insisted the computers functioned better in this environment, so the department had installed a special climate control and filtration system to accommodate him. Rivera entered and, suppressing a shudder, closed the door behind him. The computer room was dark except for the soft green glow of a dozen computer screens. The Spider sat in the middle of a horseshoe of keyboards and screens, his huge buttocks spilling over the sides of a tiny typist's chair. Beside him a steel typing table was covered with junk food in various stages of distress, mostly cupcakes covered with marshmallow and pink coconut. While Rivera watched, the Spider peeled the marshmallow cap off a cupcake and popped it in his mouth. He threw the chocolate-cake insides into a wastebasket atop a pile of crumpled tractor-feed paper. Because of the sedentary nature of the Spider's job, the department had excused him from the minimum physical fitness standards set for field officers. The department had also created the position of chief technical sergeant in order to feed the Spider's ego and keep him happily clicking away at the keyboards. The Spider had never gone on patrol, never arrested a suspect, never even qualified on the shooting range, yet after only four years with the department, Nailsworth effectively held the same rank that Rivera had attained in fifteen years on the street. It was criminal. The Spider looked up. His eyes were sunk so far into his fat face that Rivera could see only a beady green glow. â€Å"You smell of smoke,† the Spider said. â€Å"You can't smoke in here.† â€Å"I'm not here to smoke, I need some help.† The Spider checked the data spooling across his screens, then turned his full attention to Rivera. Bits of pink coconut phosphoresced on the front of his uniform. â€Å"You've been working up in Pine Cove, haven't you?† â€Å"A narcotics sting.† Rivera held up the suitcase. â€Å"We found this. It's full of names and addresses, but I can't make any connections. I thought you might†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No problem,† the Spider said. â€Å"The Nailgun will find an opening where there was none.† The Spider had given himself the nickname â€Å"Nailgun.† No one called him the Spider to his face, and no one called him Nailgun unless they needed something. â€Å"Yeah,† Rivera said, â€Å"I thought it needed some of the Nailgun's wizardry.† The Spider swept the junk food from the top of the typing table into the wastebasket and patted the top of the table. â€Å"Let's see what you have.† Rivera placed the suitcase on the table and opened it. The Spider immediately began to shuffle through the papers, picking up a piece here or there, reading it, and throwing it back into the pile. â€Å"This is a mess.† â€Å"That's why I'm here.† â€Å"I'll need to put this into the system to make any sense of it. I can't use a scanner on handwritten material. You'll have to read it to me while I input.† The Spider turned to one of his keyboards and began typing. â€Å"Give me a second to set up a data base format.† As far as Rivera was concerned, the Spider could be speaking Swahili. Despite himself, Rivera admired the man's efficiency and expertise. His fat fingers were a blur on the keyboard. After thirty seconds of furious typing the Spider paused. â€Å"Okay, read me the names, addresses, and dates, in that order.† â€Å"So you need me to sort them out?† â€Å"No. The machine will do that.† Rivera began to read the names and addresses from each slip of paper, deliberately pausing so as not to get ahead of the Spider's typing. â€Å"Faster, Rivera. You won't get ahead of me.† Rivera read faster, throwing each paper on the floor as he finished with it. â€Å"Faster,† the Spider demanded. â€Å"I can't go any faster. At this speed if I mispronounce a name, I could lose control and get a serious tongue injury.† For the first time since Rivera had known him the Spider laughed. â€Å"Take a break, Rivera. I get so used to working with machines that I forget people have limitations.† â€Å"What's going on here?† Rivera said. â€Å"Is the Nailgun losing his sarcastic edge?† The Spider looked embarrassed. â€Å"No. I wanted to ask you about something.† Rivera was shocked. The Spider was almost omniscient, or so he pretended. This was a day for firsts. â€Å"What do you need?† he said. The Spider blushed. Rivera had never seen that much flaccid flesh change color. He imagined that it put an incredible strain on the Spider's heart. â€Å"You've been working in Pine Cove, right?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Have you ever run into a girl up there named Roxanne?† Rivera thought for a moment, then said no. â€Å"Are you sure?† The Spider's voice had taken on a tone of desperation. â€Å"It's probably a nickname. She works at the Rooms-R-Us Motel. I've run the name against Social Security records, credit reports, everything. I can't seem to find her. There are over ten thousand women in California with the name Roxanne, but none of them check out.† â€Å"Why don't you just drive up to Pine Cove and meet her?† The Spider's color deepened. â€Å"I couldn't do that.† â€Å"Why not? What's the deal with this woman, anyway? Does it have to do with a case?† â€Å"No, it's†¦ it's a personal thing. We're in love.† â€Å"But you've never met her?† â€Å"Well, yes, sort of – we talk by modem every night. Last night she didn't log on. I'm worried about her.† â€Å"Nailsworth, are you telling me that you are having a love affair with a woman by computer?† â€Å"It's more than an affair.† â€Å"What do you want me to do?† â€Å"Well, if you could just check on her. See if she's all right. But she can't know I sent you. You mustn't tell her I sent you.† â€Å"Nailsworth, I'm an undercover cop. Being sneaky is what I do for a living.† â€Å"Then you'll do it?† â€Å"If you can find something in these names that will bail me out, I'll do it.† â€Å"Thanks, Rivera.† â€Å"Let's finish this.† Rivera picked up a matchbook and read the name and address. The Spider typed the information, but as Rivera began to read the next name, he heard the Spider pause on the keyboard. â€Å"Is something wrong?† Rivera asked. â€Å"Just one more thing,† Nailsworth said. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Could you find out if she's modeming someone else?† â€Å"Santa Maria, Nailsworth! You are a real person.† Three hours later Rivera was sitting at his desk waiting for a call from the Spider. While he was in the computer room, someone had left a dog-eared paperback on his desk. Its title was You Can Have a Career in Private Investigation. Rivera suspected Perez. He had thrown the book in the wastebasket. Now, with his only suspect back out on the street and nothing forthcoming from the Spider, Rivera considered fishing the book out of the trash. The phone rang, and Rivera ripped it from its cradle. â€Å"Rivera,† he said. â€Å"Rivera, it's the Nailgun.† â€Å"Did you find something?† Rivera fumbled for a cigarette from the pack on his desk. He found it impossible to talk on the phone without smoking. â€Å"I think I have a connection, but it doesn't work out.† â€Å"Don't be cryptic, Nailsworth. I need something.† â€Å"Well, first I ran the names through the Social Security computer. Most of them are deceased. Then I noticed that they were all vets.† â€Å"Vietnam?† â€Å"World War One.† â€Å"You're kidding.† â€Å"No. They were all World War One vets, and all of them had a first or middle initial E. I should have caught that before I even input it. I tried to run a correlation program on that and came up with nothing. Then I ran the addresses to see if there was a geographical connection.† â€Å"Anything there?† â€Å"No. For a minute I thought you'd found someone's research project on World War One, but just to be sure, I ran the file through the new data bank set up by the Justice Department in Washington. They use it to find criminal patterns where there aren't any. In effect it makes the random logical. They use it to track serial killers and psychopaths.† â€Å"And you found nothing?† â€Å"Not exactly. The files at the Justice Department only go back thirty years, so that eliminated about half of the names on your list. But the other ones rang the bell.† â€Å"Nailsworth, please try to get to the point.† â€Å"In each of the cities listed in your file there was at least one unexplained disappearance around the date listed – not the vets; other people. You can eliminate the large cities as coincidence, but hundreds of these disappearances were in small towns.† â€Å"People disappear in small towns too. They run away to the city. They drown. You can't call that a connection.† â€Å"I thought you'd say that, so I ran a probability program to get the odds on all of this being coincidence.† â€Å"So?† Rivera was getting tired of Nailsworth's dramatics. â€Å"So the odds of someone having a file of the dates and locations of unexplained disappearances over the last thirty years and it being a coincidence is ten to the power of fifty against.† â€Å"Which means what?† â€Å"Which means, about the same odds as you'd have of dragging the wreck of the Titanic out of a trout stream with a fly rod. Which means, Rivera, you have a serious problem.† â€Å"Are you telling me that this suitcase belongs to a serial killer?† â€Å"A very old serial killer. Most serial killers don't even start until their thirties. If we assume that this one was cooperative enough to start when the Justice Department's files start, thirty years ago, he'd be over sixty now.† â€Å"Do you think it goes farther back?† â€Å"I picked some dates and locations randomly, going back as far as 1925. I called the libraries in the towns and had them check the newspapers for stories of disappearances. It checked out. Your man could be in his nineties. Or it could be a son carrying on his father's work.† â€Å"That's impossible. There must be another explanation. Come on, Nailsworth, I need a bailout here. I can't pursue an investigation of a geriatric serial killer.† â€Å"Well, it could be an elaborate research project that someone is doing on missing persons, but that doesn't explain the World War One vets, and it doesn't explain why the researcher would write the information on matchbook covers and business cards from places that have been out of business for years.† â€Å"I don't understand.† Rivera felt as if he were stuck in the Spider's web and was waiting to be eaten. â€Å"It appears that the notes themselves were written as far back as fifty years ago. I could send them to the lab to confirm it if you want.† â€Å"No. Don't do that.† Rivera didn't want it confirmed. He wanted it to go away. â€Å"Nailsworth, isn't possible that the computer is making some impossible connections? I mean, it's programmed to find patterns – maybe it went overboard and made this one up?† â€Å"You know the odds, Sergeant. The computer can't make anything up; it can only interpret what's put into it. If I were you, I'd pull my suspect out of holding and find out where he got the suitcase.† â€Å"I cut him loose. The D.A. said I didn't have enough to charge him.† â€Å"Find him,† Nailsworth said. Rivera resented the authoritarian tone in Nailsworth's voice, but he let it go. â€Å"I'm going now.† â€Å"One more thing.† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"One of your addresses was in Pine Cove. You want it?† â€Å"Of course.† Nailsworth read the name and address to Rivera, who wrote it down on a memo pad. â€Å"There was no date on this one, Sergeant. Your killer might still be in the area. If you get him, it would be the bailout you're looking for.† â€Å"It's too fantastic.† â€Å"And don't forget to check on Roxanne for me, okay?† The Spider hung up. 30 JENNY Jenny had arrived at work a half hour late expecting to find Howard waiting behind the counter to reprimand her in his own erudite way. Strangely enough, she didn't care. Even more strange was the fact that Howard had not shown up at the cafe all morning. Considering that she had drunk two bottles of wine, eaten a heavy Italian meal and everything in the refrigerator, and stayed up all night making love, she should have been tired, but she wasn't. She felt wonderful, full of humor and energy, and not a little excited. When she thought of her night with Travis, she grinned and shivered. There should be guilt, she thought. She was, technically, a married woman. Technically, she was having an illicit affair. But she had never been very technically minded. Instead of guilt she felt happy and eager to do it all again. From the moment she got to work she began counting the hours until she got off after the lunch shift. She was at one hour and counting when the cook announced that there was a call for her in the office. She quickly refilled her customer's coffee cups and headed to the back. If it was Robert, she would just act like nothing had happened. She wasn't exactly in love with someone else as he suspected. It was†¦ it didn't matter what it was. She didn't have to explain anything. If it was Travis – she hoped it was Travis. She picked up the phone. â€Å"Hello.† â€Å"Jenny?† It was a woman's voice. â€Å"It's Rachel. Look, I'm having a special ritual this afternoon at the caves. I need you to be there.† Jennifer did not want to go to a ritual. â€Å"I don't know, Rachel, I have plans after work.† â€Å"Jennifer, this is the most important thing we've ever done, and I need you to be there. What time do you get off?† â€Å"I'm off at two, but I need to go home and change first.† â€Å"No, don't do that. Come as you are – it's really important.† â€Å"But I really†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Please, Jenny. It will only take a few minutes.† Jennifer had never heard Rachel sound so adamant. Maybe it really was important. â€Å"Okay. I guess I can make it. Do you need me to call any of the others?† â€Å"No. I'll do it. You just be at the caves as soon as you can after two.† â€Å"Okay, fine, I'll be there.† â€Å"And Jenny† – Rachel's voice had lowered an octave – â€Å"don't tell anyone where you are going.† Rachel hung up. Jennifer immediately dialed her home phone and got the answering machine. â€Å"Travis, if you're there, pick up.† She waited. He was probably still sleeping. â€Å"I'm going to be a little late. I'll be home later this afternoon.† She almost said, â€Å"I love you,† but decided not to. She pushed the thought out of her mind. â€Å"Bye,† she said, and hung up. Now, if she could only avoid Robert until she could think of a way to destroy his hope for their reconciliation. Returning to the floor of the cafe, she realized that somewhere along the way her feeling of well-being had vanished and she felt very tired.

Themes in the novel The Color Purple Research Paper

Themes in the novel The Color Purple - Research Paper Example . "Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, dear peoples. Dear Everything. Dear God" (Walker, 1995, p.242). But before that for a long period, they had suffered enough on account of the male dominance and mistreatment -black females especially! Her views about the suffering of the black women are so strong that within the first twenty pages of the novel, she has introduced almost all the important â€Å"issues of incest, chauvinism, child abuse, in-breeding, baby stealing, emotional abuse, sexuality, child marriage, and child slavery amongst others.† (The Color†¦) She takes the help of Celie, the character she carefully nurtures like the tender sapling. Her resentment over the power that men wield over women is showing in every part of the novel. To challenge the authority of men, as an affront, she introduces characters like Shug, the "strumpet in short skirts, smoking cigarettes, drinking gin. Singing for money and taking other women mens. Talk bout slut, hussy, heifer and street cleaner† (Walker, 1995, p.40). The rape of Squeak, by her Uncle is an example of mistreatment of women. The family members are supposed to protect the honor of the womenfolk. What if they indulge in forced sex and cruelty? Outside her home, the black woman has no voice. Within the four walls of the house, she suffers even more, physically and psychologically. To cope up with the oppressive patriarchal and racist practices, seems to be her heritage. No change is one thing and having no hope of change is an entirely different and serious issue. The long period of slavery had shaped the mental make-up of the blacks thus. The story relates to mostly rural Georgia, and the focus of the story is female black life in the 1930s. In that period, black women had only issues, and no support or solutions. Their social position was extremely low in the American social culture. Now let’s examine an example of black vs. black. Both believed that men

How can a city attract tourists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How can a city attract tourists - Essay Example any sources of revenue to a country and the visits by tourists help in boosting the economy also providing dynamism, growth and development (WTO, 2011). The importance of tourism cannot be under-estimated and this is clearly evident in the way massive development in cities to make them admirable is underway for those that are aiming at tourism advancement. A city can therefore attract tourism in ways such as; provision of better infrastructure and adequate transportation, designing of a website to help the visitors with necessary information concerning the city, making the tourism sector multi-seasonal, advertizing the country to the world of what the city has to offer and being in a position to beef up security in the city and beyond for the tourists to be guaranteed of their safety (Buhalis, 2001). A city can attract tourism through provision of adequate transportation and improved infrastructure (Ashwort & Page, 2011). There is no way a city can make money through tourism, however attractive it may be without good and reliable transport such as; docks with cruise ship modules, region connected roads, bus terminals and train stations that all provide external access to the city which preferably should be within walking distance of the tourists attraction (Bull & Church, 2001). This plays a very big role in the reduction of the amount of local traffic and therefore be an assurance of the tourists reaching their destinations in good time as planned. For moving tourists within attractions, street car depots are recommended as well as for external transport and hotel areas to cut on clogging up of taxis full of tourists in the streets; a thing that should only be realized when there is inadequate public transport. An international airport is equally useful and hugely rewarding, on the positive side, as it contributes to a steady stream of new tourists to the city (Glaeser, 2011). A website can also be designed with the capability of being reached globally and made

Read the requirement i send you carefully---marketing Essay

Read the requirement i send you carefully---marketing - Essay Example Like market size, cost of work force and other potential factors are more favoring to industrialist to develop to business in China. However, there are some challenges too that industry developers have to face before starting the business in the market of China. Foreign players have to tackle with cost reduction and local competitors; these are huge challenges for any foreign player. In this we are going to discuss about analysis of electronic market of China with the help of PEST analysis and SWOT analysis of E-Commerce industry of China. PEST analysis of China’ market will aid the reader to understand about its strengths and weakness in aspect of political, economical, social and technological factors, these factors are external factors which aids to analyze e-commerce industry. In other hand SWOT analysis give a brief introduction of Taobao, is e-commerce company in China, so the readers will able to know about the internal’s strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats of the company. Political variables incorporate government regulations and lawful issues and characterize both formal and casual leads under which firm must work. Furthermore it is asserted that the political energy is presumably the most turbulent constrain in natures domain (Fahey & Narayanan, 1986). In the previous one decade, the Chinese government appends extraordinary imperativeness and center to the advancement of e-trade in the most crowded nation, for instance, on issuing the Summaries of the Middle/Long Term Science and Technology Development Plans of China and the Development of Information Industry Plans in the Eleventh Five-year and Long Plan in 2020 Years in The Ministry of Information Industry, the "provision of e-business stage innovation" has been recorded as a key point (Lili, 2011). In term of the lawful framework, the Chinese legitimate skeleton for e-trade is still in its incipient stage and has officially accomplished a few issues. China has restricted

Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics - Coursework Example The GDP deflator for the base year is always equal to 100% by definition. Because of this the Nominal GDP and the Real GDP for the base year are always equal. In this case, the Real GDP for 2002= Nominal GDP for 2002= 1.02 Billion Dimmens since it is the base year. In determining the size of the economy, we look at the nominal GDP between the two years. The year 2002 has a nominal GDP of 1.02 billion dimmens while 2003 has a nominal GDP of 1.08 billion dimmens. Thus the economy has grown in the year 2003. 3. You have been hired by the government as an economic statistician and given the job of calculating the CPI (the chili price index, not the consumer price index). According to the government’s official recipe, the ingredients for a batch of chili are: 3 pounds of hamburger, 2 pounds of tomatoes, and  ½ pound of onions. The base year calculating the CPI is 1996. The prices of the ingredients for chili are determined by an extensive nationwide survey. The current and 1996 prices for the ingredients

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Research Paper

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Disorder - Research Paper Example    This is to say that if the different legislative houses are controlled by different parties then it would require time and patience for any meaningful progress to be made. Similarly, it also requires that relationships and a good rapport are created before any meaningful progress is made. It also requires that one understands and respects the system because it is only through due diligence that the end result would be realized, and that is good legislative outcome or laws. This stems from the fact that autism is a lifelong disorder which has been subjected to misconceptions and stereotypes. As much as it is a pervasive disorder which affects the development of speech, movement and other functions of the body, autism is manageable and controllable. Thus, people with autism may suffer from uncoordinated speech, movement and suffer a short memory span, if proper actions are taken accordingly. Conventionally, misconceptions and half-truth have always clouded the whole notion of autism thus hindering any genuine attempts to address autism holistically. The legislative process in its simplest aspect influences the legislators because it allows them to confine their reasoning’s and arguments within due process. This stems from the fact that there is acrimony in the legislative houses because different legislators represent different parties, interests, and parties (Steuernagel, 2005). Thus, it is the irreducible minimum that each and every law is subjected under a thorough scrutiny before it is passed. This would only occur through patience and when the house would have conferred on the aptness of the laws. Thus, it requires the legislators to be patient and comply with the due process of law.   

Film This Boy's Life Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film This Boy's Life - Movie Review Example Thesis This film vividly portrays family problems and troubles, psychological pressure and emotional distress caused by complicated family relation and misunderstanding. The main problem discussed in the film is emotional abuse and misunderstanding which cause psychological and emotional sufferings to Caroline and Toby. This life story is devoted to emotional abuse faced by the author, Tobias Wolff, during his childhood. He vividly depicts hardship and emotional burden experienced by the teenager. This story is very impressive, because it reflects personal past of the author, physiological stress and cruelty of his stepfather and his children. Different parents have different ideas as to the proper way to bring up children, or as to what counts as adequate care for them, but this story unveils hash realities of childhood and family violence faced by some children. Dwight Hansen explains to Caroline that he tries to change rebellious nature of Toby and makes him a better person. But his methods and behavior unveil that he does not love Toby seeing him as the object of abuse. Physical abuse of the child is closely connected with emotional abuse and in volved physical punishment and family violence. Toby describes that his stepfather often finds any excuse to punish him while favoring the other children. Another family trouble is dominant of the father and a husband within the family. Dwight Hansen plays a dominant position in the family exercised through aggression and cruelty. From sociological point of view, this problem is caused by different gender roles and inequality within the institution of marriage. These gender variables shape the values and hence the behavior of the main characters and show that specific gender roles determine the way of living and norms of several generations of people. During the 1950s, gender roles have not undergone metamorphoses. They have followed the economic, social, and political trends of the country's history. Unfortunately, this resulted in distraction and harassment of children, primarily Toby. The film vividly portrays that father's dominance and lack of understanding ruins family happiness and warm relations. Toby describes that there is no doubt that physical injuries tend to be more evident, and their effects more public then emotional s ufferings. Stress and mental disorders can be seen as one of the most important family problems which is difficult to identify, but which have a great impact on the family and family relations. From the sociological point of view, people are faced with stress at work and at home. Stress is a social problem but it arises from an imbalance between the demands made upon individuals and their capacity to cope with such demands, family relations and economic conditions of the family. The mental well-being of family members is more difficult to define or protect. For a long time, Caroline does to recognize problems and grievances faced by her son, Toby. In his Boy's Life', stress arises from personal factors and emotional abuse It is possible to say that rebellion nature of Toby is a form of disobedience against abuse or psychological conflict between parents and children. Generation gap supports this situation and resulted in negative consequences such as rebellion and escape. Another problem described in the film is a secondary role of women and mothers within the instit

Explain some of the reasons for Talent Management failure in MNEs, and Essay

Explain some of the reasons for Talent Management failure in MNEs, and how would you advise organisations to address these issues - Essay Example In a global business environment, the competition is stiff and MNCs need to prepare adequately for the anticipated challenges with regard to their human capital. For instance, most of the MNCs are centrally managed from the headquarters and this creates rigidity in their subsidiaries in terms of giving the middle management the mandate to provide training and promotion of the local personnel as a way of managing the diversity of talent in MNCs (Story et al. 2014). In a knowledge-based industry, the knowledge of the personnel with regard to adapting to the constantly changing business environment is critical. As such, those responsible for the human resource management in these MNCs need to ensure that talent management is enhanced through training of personnel to improve their skills and knowledge management. In essence, where the human resource management of MNCs recognises the importance of knowledge management, innovation and creativity are enhanced. Conversely, the focus on expat riates rather than nurturing the local talent is a major contributor to talent management failure in MNES. This is because they deny HR the opportunity to embrace internal development by attracting, developing and retaining highly performing personnel (Story et al. 2014). This paper examines the reasons for talent management failure in MNEs and how they can be addressed. The human resource management in MNCs has failed to recognise the importance of training their personnel to handle future challenges effectively. Instead, MNEs are focusing on their more experienced personnel to handle the different task in their subsidiaries around the world. This has led to a situation where the local talent is ignored, and managers sent from the headquarters are given the mandate to handle only business functions at MNEs subsidiaries around the world. However, most of the managers sent from the headquarters lack the knowledge and understanding needed to develop a talent pool that can move a

Railway Station Essay Example for Free

Railway Station Essay The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning. The hustle and bustle of the ordinary public hurled its way into the calm, collected station. Information boards began to rustle and the sounds of trains departed from what was now like another world, the smelly crammed station that had lost all its sense of dignity was now ready and waiting for what the day had in store. When people boarded the train that was due to take them to their destination it was like they had no concept of what was going on around them, completely oblivious to all the other passengers. Newspapers went up in the hot and clustered train compartment and people tucked themselves away in them for the duration of their journey even if they had already read it all, they would do anything to avoid the eye of a fellow commuter. The old escalators whined as they continually roamed up, and then back down again, as they carry frustrated, dizzy passengers who are always having to hurry around, never having anytime to stop on there busy, rushed route to work. Along one of the hard, cold walls a man sat there still, with his dog as a companion, eagerly anticipating the kind passer by, who frequently would be able to spare a moment of their time to drop in a few valuable Pennines. A warm, soft smell filled the right hand side of the station. The shoe polish from the repair stand that made everyone tilt there heads towards as the brushed by. Every now and then a well groomed business man popped in and had his shoes polished, before returning to his recurring hassle of his job. Throughout the chilled station a repeated yell took place every so often, coming from the four newspaper stalls, which echoed all around the station, Standard, come and get ya standard. The friendly face that occurred in the same place, at the same time, every day of the working year. Desperate to sell the days loads of papers to the commuters passing through the station. The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning.

Look at Me Now Essay Example for Free

Look at Me Now Essay It has been a dream of mine to be able to attend college for many years. I started a family quite early in life making my dream seem as if it would never become a reality. Now here I am some 20+ years later living my dream. I cant say that it was a struggle to get here because i have a very supportive wife who has been pushing me to do this for many years. Up until now I would come up with every excuse in the book why I wasnt able to go back to school. I guess I finally ran out of excuses because here I am taking college classes. We are supposed to talk about some aspect of our life whether it is good or bad. So I went back into my memory to see what I could come up with that would make a good storyline. It was hard to decide which of the many memories I had stored away would produce a memorable story for anyone who reads it. But I decided to write about a situation that proved to be a very scary point in my life. On the morning of June 16, 2011 I had a heart attack. For many years my wife had complained to me that I worked too much. I would ditch family trips and send my daughter and wife alone because I would have to work. I thought that I was too young for something like that to happen to me. Anyway on the morning afore mentioned I woke around 5:00 in the morning (at that time I was ok). My wife and me talked for a little and she said it was too early in the morning and she was going back to sleep. So, we went back to bed. I awoke with a start at around seven to severe chest pains. I didn’t want to alarm my wife so I tried to walk it off. When I realize this wasn’t helping I knew at that point I had to wake my wife up. Upon her being awakened she went into action. She told me I needed to get dressed we were going to the hospital. I again didn’t want to alarm my wife as to how bad the chest pains were that I was having. I told her that I was okay and didn’t think I needed to go to the hospital. Then my left side started to go numb. At this point I was scared and trying not to show it. Please know that my wife wasn’t buying my brave facade at all. So I am going to speed the story up a little. We get to the hospital and I am given several nitro glycerin pills which aren’t working. I stayed in intensive care for three days and then I was moved to a regular room on the heart ward. This proved to be a turning point in my life for me. I have now slowed down the pace at work somewhat. I cherish moments with my family now. I spend a lot of time with them where I had been neglecting them for my job.

The History Of Wilhelmine Cinema Film Studies Essay

The History Of Wilhelmine Cinema Film Studies Essay In this essay I shall be exploring the history of the National German cinema and how it has transformed and adapted to the continuous shifts in political, economic, social and cultural influences both internally and externally that Germany and its people have experienced over the last century. Wilhelmine Cinema Cinema made its debut in Germany in 1895 when brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky invented their own projector system called the Bioscop and on November 1st 1895 demonstrated it with a series of 8 short films lasting 15 minutes in total, this was the very first displaying of moving images to a paying audience in Europe and this symbolises the start of the German film industry. Hake, as well as numerous other scholars and I tend to agree, argue that Wilhelmine cinema can be divided into three distinct periods. Which are (1895-1906) Emergence and Experimentation, (1906-1910) Expansion and Consolidation and (1910-1918) Standardization. There periods saw numerous and various influences on cinema in its early years. For example the first decade saw plenty of technological innovation especially since industrialisation was still in full swing during this period, for example Ottomat Anschà ¼tzs Tachyscope. However with Germany still being a furiously imperialist nation the wonder of moving images was not met with enthusiasm by all parties. Germanys educated upper classes had a strong resistance to the power and appeal of the cinema which was based not only in their anxieties about the levelling effect on cultural life but also their fears of the modern masses for whom cinema had become the preferred form of entertainment. (Hake 2008:11) With the many cultural influences on cinema such as the circus and the fairground, early German cinema had little need for the contemporary literary conventions and instead focused on the visual spectacle and illusionary aspects of the medium. If one looks to where cinema receives its ultimate power, into these strangely flickering eyes that point far back into human history, suddenly it stands there in all its massiveness: visual pleasure. (Brockmann 2010:16) 1906-1910 saw the German Film Industry begin to consolidate itself into a national industry. All resources, capital, production, facilities and technical know-how were consolidated into a few dominate companies, similarly to the studio system in Hollywood. This followed by the foundation of the Geyer Printing lab in 1911 gave the German industry independance from its French competitors, who had been a dominant force in the European film market since the early days of film. The standardisation phase (1910-1918) saw the beginnings of the longer narrative film which became the most popular cinematic form in 1913 alone, more than 350 new films were released nationwide (Hake 2008:13). This had a knock-on effect for filmic forms and styles in Germany with the introduction of various new filming and editing techniques including greater variation in shot size and composition, superimposition, fading and masking. The First World War saw German cinema finally break free of French influence with the inclusion of nationalism within films, forming a new bond between industry and state. However Germany did not exploit film and a medium of propaganda as much as Britain did for example with The Beast of Berlin. Surprisingly films and newsreels from the war period were aimed more towards escapism, they may have shown scenes from the front lines however realism was often avoided and narrative styles taken up instead. WW1 saw the rise and establishment of some of the industrys big hitting studios such as the UFA studios (1917), setting the stage for the next era of German cinema. Weimar Cinema Economics had the biggest impact on cinema in the Weimar period, the harsh reparations outlined in the Treaty of Versailles caused hyperinflation in 1920s Germany. However this allowed for the emergence of the expressionist cinema movement. The inflation allowed filmmakers to Papiermark which would have vastly devalued by the time it needed to be repaid. Nevertheless, film budgets were tight and the need to save money was a contributing factor to the rise of expressionist films like the Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920). The struggle for economic survival after the currency reform of 1924 manifested itself in an intense competition over film audiences that affected everything from advertising, journalism, and fandom to programming practices, admissions policies, and theatre architecture and design. Two simultaneous developments informed the transformation of cinema as a public sphere: the unification of audiences under the idea of a homogenous middle-class society and the diversification of markets.(Hake 2008:51) The late twenties, whilst still not entirely free from economic trouble, brought greater economic security to the Weimar Republic. The number of cinemas increased (approximately) from 2,300 to 3,700 between 1918 and 1920, however, despite this films were still constricted by small budgets. Yet as the decade moved on the influence of Expressionism began to fade which allowed for a variety of new styles and genres to emerge most of which concerned with the idea of New Objectivity a phenomenon influencing all artistic mediums of the Weimar period. These films were primarily concerned with social themes and a return to realism. Films such as Joyless Street (Die Freudlose Gasse) (1925) and Pandoras Box (1929) by Georg Wilhelm Pabst fall into this new filmic form. The return to a realist style of cinema prompted a new trend in asphalt and morality films which focused on subjects such as prostitution, homosexuality, addiction, oral sex and abortion. On the other hand Arnold Fanck was also d eveloping the Bergfilm as a genre, these films typically featured the protagonist battling the elements up in the mountains. There was one other big movement in German cinema during this period which came in the form of the chamber play or chamber drama (Kammerspiel). Associated with Carl Meyer these films were in many ways a statement against the popular spectacle and expressionist films. chamber play films expressed more conservative attitudes especially in regards to opposing big city life, were often set in small, dreary and very bland settings, usually backing traditional family values. They were often known better as instinct films since they focused on the intimate psychology of the characters. The last few years of the Weimar Republic saw some dramatic changes in Germany both technologically and politically. National Socialism was on the rise with the German people starting to look for someone to blame for their hardships during the twenties, which would have a dramatic effect on Germany and its film industry in the years to come, but more immediately the introduction of sound was re-shaping the film industry. With a now global economic crisis the three big German studios (Ufa, Terra, and Emelka) couldnt afford the enormous costs of transitioning to sound films so as a result they consolidated and began searching for new sources of needed capital, resulting in a new found ties with the state in order to protect German culture and stave of American film dominance. Nazi Cinema 1933 saw the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazi party thus beginning the next phase in the ever changing face of German national cinema. The earlier economic crisis had seen a number of German directors leave Germany for greener pastures but the new anti-semitic laws enforced by the Nazis caused many other directors, actors, composers and screenwriters (Hake 2001:23) to leave the country taking with them the unique flare that constituted German cinema. Obligatory cheerfulness and and crude sexual humour took the place of subtle innuendo and double entendre. Visual, acoustic and linguistic wit was abandoned in favor of conventional dramatic effects, and the provocative play with identities gave way to highly normative definitions of gender and race (Hake 2001:24) With the relationship established between the film industry and the state before the downfall of the Weimar Republic it was easy for the Nazi party to impose it influence over the studios. The Ufa was effectively under Nazi control by March 1933 when Alfred Hugenberg excluded Jews from being able to work at the studio which was several months before the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Film (Reichsfilmkammer) which made the film industry directly under Goebbelss propaganda ministry and led to the exemption of Jews and foreigners from employment within the German film industry. Approximately 3000 people in the industry were adversely affected forcing most to leave Germany such as Fritz Lang who proceeded to have a long and prosperous career in Hollywood. Yet was, as you would expect, all German cinema of this period purely propaganda? Goebbels himself always made the distinction between the 20 percent big budget films with clear propagandistic intentions and the 80 percent films on a higher artistic level. (Hake 2001:3) However it has been argued that this was not entirely the case with Hans Wollenberg arguing that even apparently harmless subjects, comedies or even musicals, have, somehow a tendency to advance Nazi ideologies (Wollenberg 1948). It is clear that there is truth to this as Goebbels proceeded to ban film criticism in 1936 leaving journalists only to comment on the content of a film rather than its merits, artistic or otherwise. The import of foreign films was also highly restricted between 1933 and 1940 the number of American films shown in Germany dropped from 64 to a mere 5 films a year. Entertainment films became increasingly important towards the end of the second world war with films providing from a distraction from the constant threat of Allied bombing and German defeats at the front. Cinema admissions in 1933 and 1944 exceeded over a billion sales consisting of big box office hits such as Die große Liebe (1942) and Wunschkonzert (1941) which combined elements of musical, wartime romance and patriotism. The Nazi regime however brutal and restrictive was not totally without technical innovation in the film industry. One such innovation was the introduction of Agfacolor as a major element of the film production process in 1939. Leni Riefenstahl also made numerous contributions to technical and aesthetic achievement with her film Triumph of the Will (1935), documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. This combined with the documenting of the 1936 Summer Olympics, led the way with new techniques for camera movement and editing practices which still influence filmmakers to this day. West Germany With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945 Germany became divided into the East (Communist controlled) and West (capitalist) zones which had an incredible and unmistakable knock on effect to National German Cinema. The Allies began a process of decartelization led by th the American principles of free competition, open markets, and the abolition of state control (Fehrenbach 1995:51-52). This coupled with the Occupation Statute which protected the German film industry by forbidding import quotas allowed cinema in Germany to get back onto its feet. The west established the SPIO, the main professional organisation of the West German Film Industry (Hake 2008:96) in 1949, which helped establish a voluntary self-censorship code that was agreed upon by the industry for all the western zones. This code was managed by the Freiwillige Selbstkon (FSK), the code was modelled after the MPPDA model and has the same taboo subject- nudity, vulgarity, blasphemy (Hake 2008:96)) and so on. In 1951 the Filmbewertungsstelle (Film Evaluation Board ot FBS) was established creating a system of economic support for filmmakers however was also known for political censorship in an effort to make sure West German films featured principles that would allow smoother integration into the western alliance. For the first time in years German audiences had unrestricted access to world cinema with melodramas from the states and Charlie Chaplins classics being popular during this period, the share of German films remained high at 40% of the market in the 1950s with American films taking up a mere 30% of the market. (Schneider 1990:35, 42 44). Most West German films of the post war period have been categorised as the rubble film (Trà ¼mmerfilm). Rubble films were not too dissimilar in style Italian neorealist films and they focused themselves on day to day life in war torn Germany and the initial reactions to the Nazi period. With the arrival of the 1960s German cinema reached an impasse, the growth in Cinema attendance that had been seen in the 50s had begun to stagnate and decline. By 1969 cinema attendance was at an all time low with an average of 172.2 million visits per year, 25% of the attendance peak seen in the previous decade. (Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004) Thus the Oberhausen Manifesto was created by a group of young up and coming filming makers who said The old film is dead, we believe in the new. the government responded to this mounting criticism by setting up the first film subsidy agency, the Kuratorium junger deutscher Film (Board of Young German Film). Launched in 1965 by the BMI, the Kuratorium was given a brief to promote the kind of filmmaking demanded by the Oberhausen Manifesto signatories and to stimulate a renewal of the German film in a manner exclusively and directly beneficial to the community (quoted in Dawson 1981: 16) (Knight 2004). The establishment Kuratorium helped create a batch of critically acclaimed films which appeared to be a renewal of German film such as Kluges Yesterday Girl which won the Special Jury Prize at the 1966 Venice Film Festival and a number of other awards this was the start of what was initially termed Young German Film and later became the New German Cinema. (Knight 2004) East Germany East Germany or the German Democratic Republic (GDR) initially benefited from the fact that the majority of Germanys film production infrastructure was now located in Soviet controlled Berlin. Soviet administration was keen to get the film industry started again and moved quickly to do so, cinemas were re-opened just three weeks after the occupation began and the production company Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft or DEFA was established in May 1946. DEFA became the centre of a centralized system of film production and by 1949 was totally under state control. Bertolt Brecht noted that Defa has all sorts of problems finding subjects, especially contemporary ones. Those at its head list significant themes: underground movement, distribution of land, two year plan, the new man etc., etc.; then writers are supposed to devise stories that interpret them theme and its associated problems. This naturally often goes wrong (Allan and Stanford, 1999:6-7) This strong political control lead to a severe lack of scripts capable of being a driving force for pushing Soviet ideologies and as such DEFA had real difficulties in the early fifties only 30 films were released in the first four years (Allan and Stanford, 1999:7) After managements restructure and the exploitation of the climate of compromise by Hans Rodenburg the later half of the fifties saw DEFA produce a variety of films on a number of different topics. Childrens films, science-fiction and red westerns were all genres that developed in this period. With the dawn of the 1960s East German cinema moved away from the Stalinist approach to filmmaking and increasingly the films of the 1960s tackled subject matter that was both controversial and contemporary. (Allan and Stanford, 1999:6-7) but filmmakers were still affected by the ever changing political stances if the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) the whole slate of films from 1966 for example was pulled from distribution. The early seventies was ablaze with popular success and was one of the most successful times for DEFA with films like Frank Beyers Jakob, der Là ¼gner which was the only DEFA film nominated for an Oscar. This success however alarmed the SED leadership and after sharp criticism of Ulrich Plenzdorf and the expatriatiation of Wolf Biermann another wave of filmmakers left Germany as a direct result of this and the harsh restrictions placed upon them and their work. The 1980s were the beginning of the end for DEFA changing political stances of other countries was allowing films from nations such as Poland and Hungary to become easily available in East Germany not to mention increasing access to American television from West Germany. This combined with pressure from a new generation of directors that were displeased with opportunities with DEFA, fast and furious changes to internal politics and the fall of the wall in 1989 saw the restrictions on filmmaking vanish along with the GDR as Germany reunified. Post Unification Cinema Unified Germany and the newly re-unified Europe created new problems and new opportunities. 1990s Germany was focused on merging two distinct ideologies, resulting in debates about what constitutes Germanness in the arenas of culturally, socially and politically. The film industry was of course affected by this the old state owned studios were privatised, DEFA was sold to a French conglomerate, an initial peak in cinema attendance in the early nineties known as the cinema of consensus and the privatisation of cinemas across Germany coupled with the availability of Hollywood films kept German cinema going and pushed forward the development of high budget entertainment films and so the industry began focusing on the now accessible transnational markets. Several developments and events contributed to the making of such a transnational cinema: the fall of the wallthe influx of Eastern Europeans the establishment of the EU and the integration of Germany into the European labour market (Hake 2008:216). With some German films gaining international success such as The Edge of Heaven which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. As the last decade of the 20th Century has shown, the future of German cinema will require more than the perfection of well-tested generic formulas and the creative contribution of a few talented directors. And as the first decade of the 21st Century has suggests, the survival of the influential filmic tradition will involve the elements that have characterized German cinema from the start. Now as then, this process requires a workable compromise between art film and popular cinema, generic tradition and formal innovation, political ideology and mass diversion, public interest and corporate profit, cultural heritage and cultural industry andbetween national, international and transnational identity in a global media landscape. (Hake 2008:221) In conclusion it is clear that German cinema has been affected by an ever changing political and economic settings where cultural and social ideologies are constantly changing and merging as influences both internal and external shaped the country, its people and its culture.