Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The West African Nation of Nigeria - 547 Words

The West African nation of Nigeria is rich in oil and natural resources. However, ongoing internal conflicts hinder the country from benefitting from its natural wealth. Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria had two coups and various violent protracted conflicts. The major conflicts in the country are religious, ethnic, economic, and political. However, ethnic and religious conflicts alone claim thousands of lives and affect the countrys economy enormously. Grievance over power distribution and wealth allocation between the Muslim dominated north, and the Christian dominated south created a dip division among the two religious groups. Military rule, poor governance, and corruption also became major impediments for the economic growth and peacebuilding in the country. In addition to exacerbating poverty, bad governance is often cited for the rise of religious and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria. In this short essay, I discuss the role of religion in the ongoing conflicts of Nigeria. I also discuss the different factors that exacerbate the religious conflict. The essay also discusses how the teachings of Islam and Christianity are used to transform the conflict. Examples are drawn from conflict transformation effort by two religious leaders, Pastor James Wuye and Imam Muhammad Ashafa. The essay finishes with a brief conclusion. 2. Brief History of Colonization and Political Conflict in Nigeria Historians date the root of the political conflict in Nigeria to the colonialShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars in Western Africa: Nigeria, Sierra Leone1743 Words   |  7 Pagesplace in Nigeria, and the civil war that happened in Sierra Leone. And by breaking down the events that took place and exploring the causes of both civil wars, I will try and deduce the similarities and differences, if any, both countries had leading up to their respective civil wars. Historically, West Africa is a zone were there has been a plethora of conflicts. Colonization was not helpful to the region, but ever since the Europeans left, the situation there has barely improved. West Africa hasRead MoreThe Illicit Trade Of Drugs For Terrorism1205 Words   |  5 PagesOur globe is plagued by a number of issues, one of the most pressing and widespread being terrorism. The nation of Cameroon believes that through international cooperation, this body of the United Nations can solve one of the major facets that contributes to terrorism: narcoterrorism. The illicit trade of drugs for terrorism funding is debilitating to large and small nations alike, and must be debated and resolved in a manner most timely and suitable to its nature. History Recently, the countryRead MoreA Report On Nigerian Training Framework1422 Words   |  6 Pagesand judgment, and by and large of setting oneself up or others mentally for experienced life. The Ministry of Education is responsible for instruction in Nigeria. 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The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the different peoples of Nigeria. Like most modern African nations, Nigeria was an artificial construct, put together byRead MoreThe Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On Nigeria1665 Words   |  7 Pagestalent and black pride like Nigeria.† There is certainly truth to these words. The west african country of Nigeria has proven itself to be a successful and enduring land. As the English began exploring and colonizing the land grounded in tradition and folklore, Nigeria effectively adapted and grew. Even when torn apart, Nigeria has pulled itself back together and grown stronger. There are many aspects to Nigeria’s culture that are worth considering. But one aspect of Nigeria has proven itself to be rich

Monday, December 16, 2019

Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies Free Essays

Attitudes towards Test Tube Babies [pic] Name of Student: Yuhan Huang (Sheley) AE teacher: Michelle Crockford AE Class: February 4 Abstract The objective of this report is to present the attitudes and ideas shared by International Education Services Limited (IES) students and students from the university of Queensland (UQ) in relation to their knowledge and personal opinions concerning Invitro fertilization The survey used data collected from male and female students between the ages of 15 and 30 living in the State of Queensland. The participants were given 20 questions to answer in privacy and without any degree of pressure. The questions related to their personal details and to the IVF program in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of the investigation was to gather an overall point of view as to whether IVF was indeed seen as an accepted type of program among this age group. In conclusion it is reasonable to think that another survey with an older more experienced age group would more likely give a variation in results. Because this selected age group were students, their knowledge and experience directly with IVF was limited. However, it is important to recoginse the opinions of youth as they are the future generation of adults. Introduction In recent years, babies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) have been a topic of moral discussion around the world. This form of reproduction is not considered a natural and acceptable way of giving birth in some people’s eyes. Many infertile couples in particular, rely on this new technology since it allows them the choice of having their baby using this method. In-vitro fertilization is defined by, â€Å"a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the womb (Papanikolaou et al. 006)†. The definition of a test tube baby is one which is the result of a female ovary or egg having been fertilised with a male sperm inside a test tube, the resulting impregnated egg is implanted in the uterus of a female, growing into a foetus and developing baby by the time of birth. (Muffin, 2007). According to Walsh (2008), three million test tub e babies have been born throughout the world in this way so far, and this number continues to increase at a rate of eleven thousand each year. In 1978, the world’s first successful â€Å"test-tube† baby, Louise Brown, was born in Great Britain. The baby girl weighed five-pound 12- ounces and was delivered early via Caesarean section. The process had been a success; this process proved Dr. Steptoe and Dr. Edwards had accomplished the first of many test tube babies (Rosenberg, 1970). In Australia, the first test tube baby, Candice Elizabeth Reed, was born in 1980 (Screen Australia, 1982). Infertility afflicts thousand’s of married couples feeling frustration at being childless. In India, there is an infertility clinic which provides moral, emotional and the most advanced technical support for couples wishing to solve their fertility issues. However, the religion of Islam is totally against IVF and has been banned by the by Islamic Fiqh Council (1986). In addition, they thought that in-vitro fertilization was unlawful because it could result in confusion with regard to parentage (Islamic Perspective, 2007). Prior to the birth of the first test tube babies such as Louise Brown, people worldwide were hesitant to use this method thinking that there could be risks involved. However, in time the health and well being of those babies born through IVF programs have proven to the world that this method is indeed safe. Hence the fears have almost disappeared. However, many people still have many misconceptions about a test tube baby and some countries do not allow the manufacturing of test tube babies. If a baby can be created in a test tube, then infertile couples stand a better chance of having a family then by other means. The aim of this report is to examine the attitudes of people towards the adoption of in vitro-fertilization. This paper will first discus the methodology and select the survey question from this research, then a summary of the questionnaire results will be introduced,   followed by a discussion, conclusion and recommendations. Method In this report, quantitative methodology was chosen for this research. Because of the complexities associated with unstructured interview technique and time constraints. A questionnaire was designed to examine the different opinions of International Education Services Limited (IES) and University of Queensland (UQ) students attitude towards the adoption of in vitro-fertilization (refer Appendix A). The main types of questions asked included; those about personal details and personal experiences together with questions on people’s points of view about in–vitro fertilization. There were 30 students who were all volunteers. 10 out of participants were male and 20 of them were female. The students were chosen randomly from state library and UQ library all full time students between the ages of 15 to 30. Religion, political affiliation and socio-economic status were considered unimportant. Confidentiality was ensured by not recording names. Questionnaires were completed by students and the data was then collated and analysed. The questionnaire was limited by the fact that many of the participants were too young to have had any real personal experience in dealing with IVF, however some were able to relate to friends or family who had used the IVF program successfully. Some of the participants only vaguely knew any of factual or historical knowledge about IVF. The interest that the questionnaire generated among participants and their honest and forthright answers proved to be a bonus as far as the questionnaire was concerned. Interpretation of Results Questions 1 and 2 were basic and asked about personal knowledge of in vitro-fertilization (IVF) and test-tube babies. The participants generally have heard about IVF. There are about 83. 3% students know about this topic as can be seen in the results, the ridiculous thing is that there are five students who have never heard of IVF, but one of them knew the process involved in making a test-tube baby. Questions 3 to 13 were probing and in-depth in order to obtain the participant’s sincere and knowledgeable reaction to each question. It was rewarding to see that so many agreed with the IVF program and its aims and benefits. In addition, a high percentage of participants were neutral about many of these questions. This could have meant that they really didn’t know a great deal about IVF or weren’t sure of the answer. Questions 14 through to 19 extended the questioning into the sphere of Government funding. Here 70% of males and 80% of females believed that the Government should provide funding for the IVF program. 6 months to 1 year in Question 18 seems a short time time for most to choose, however this would reflect the experience of the participants. The respondents were generally concerned about this topical issue and its bearing on modern society. They all saw the positive outcome where couples could become happy and have a baby of their own. They concerned themselves with the possibility of defective babies being born. Their eagerness to be involved in the questionnaire showed the openness which they had in being part of the solution to any problem involving IVF. Because their was no influence give by other parties to participants in answering the 20 questions, it can be said that this was a survey with genuine results. Notwithstanding that there were factors which did not fit in exactly with the aim of the survey, such as the young age of some participants along with people having limited knowledge there was sufficient suitable data collected to give a commendable result. The language used in the questionnaire was understood by all participants. Key words such as: in-vitro fertilization, partially, afflicts, infertile, federal funding, prohibitive, DNA did not require any explanation, however some Asian students did request help in sentence meanings. Most people showed a basic understanding on what IVF was meant to do; that is to enable pregnancy to take place, surprisingly in the same question, number 16 very few saw any real concern for safety, acknowledging the medical competency that exist with this program. Recommendation As the findings have indicated, most people were concerned with couples having the need to have a baby if they so desired. It would therefore be in the interest of the â€Å"powers to be,† that Government and medical bodies proceed vigorously with greater implementation and assistance for the IVF program. Question 17 showed that most participants saw two important concerns; that of costing, and concern for babies having defects. Both government and medical procedures can overcome these potential barriers with more funding and improved research respectively. It is interesting to note that in question 13, 30% of females strongly disagreed with the concept of the IVF program producing babies as if they were some kind of commodity or product. No males registered any comment. It appears from this statistic that there is no need to educate people further on this ethical side of any argument brought forward. It can be deduced that the data obtained will in some way enlighten readers of this survey, thus strengthening the argument for a continued IVF program existing in the forefront of society for years to come. . The implications of these results are that more research needs to be carried out to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how other age groups see the IVF program. There could also be surveys done involving those of mixed ethnic backgrounds as well as those of different religions and those with ethical and moral demands. Such surveys would need to address a different kind of questioning but it would still be a recommended that can be made here. Researches in the field of Social Science would definitely find this convincing survey beneficial in exploring the human condition surrounding the human condition, be it only for the point of view of 30 young people. How to cite Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies, Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Owners Equity and the Accounting Concepts free essay sample

Assets, liabilities and owner’s equity are the three components that make up a company’s balance sheet. The balance sheet, which shows a business’s financial condition at any point, is based on the equation of assets equals to liabilities plus owner’s equity. This equation is also the framework track of money as it flows in and out of a company. Starting with the first penny a company earn, will be recorded in a general ledger each and every transaction using double-entry system of debits and credits. Assets get recorded on the top or the left side of the balance sheet while liabilities and owner’s equity are recorded on the bottom or the right side of the balance sheet. An assets is anything of value that a company owns including cash. There are several types of assets that is current assets, investment, capital assets and intangible assets. Current assets are assets with dollar amounts that continually change for example cash, accounts receivable, inventory or raw material of a company uses to make a product. We will write a custom essay sample on Owners Equity and the Accounting Concepts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Investment are assets companies like individuals can own securities such as stock and bonds. While capital assets is also called plant assets which is permanent things that a company owns, use within the business and are not items that the company sells such as land, building, equipment and vehicles. Intangible assets are like patents copyrights and other nonmaterial assets that have value. Liabilities are anything that a company owes to people businesses other than its owners. There are two types of liabilities that is current liabilities and long-term liabilities. In general, if a liability must be paid within a year, it is considered as current assets that includes bills, money a company owe to vendors and suppliers, employee payroll and short-term loans. A long-term liability is any debt that extends beyond one year such as mortgage. Owner’s equity is also called as capital is any debt owed to the business owners. In keeping the books of business, a company must decide the amount to for assets purchased and liabilities incurred. The amount that a company should record assets and liabilities are at the historical cost principle. Historical cost principle is a simple concept which means that the data you see on the balance sheet is recorded at the historical cost. The historical cost is therefore the cost at the time the company or entity completed the transaction. Historical cost accounting is therefore the opposite of current cost accounting. Current cost accounting would record account transactions at the current cost that is the cost at the time the financials were prepared. For example, an asset of land purchased 15 years ago will have appreciated, but it is still shown in the accounting records at its purchase price. Accounting can be completed as it can be simple. In preparing accounts there are several accounting concepts that provide guidance to have a good recorded accounts of your company. It is also commonly referred as generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP). There are several generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP). The first principle is the accrual principle. The accrual principle may be called the mother of all accounting principles. It ensures that revenues and expenses are recorded when earned and incurred and not necessarily when cash is exchanged. The accrual principle therefore brings into play other important principles such as revenue recognition and matching principle. The company will therefore record revenue when the sale is made based on the principles of revenue recognition and will record expenses when incurred and against the revenue it helped to generate based on the matching principle. The second principle is the consistency principle. It requires that accounts be prepared using the same method from period to period. Changes are inevitable, however when these changes are made the accountant is required to explain the change in the notes to the financials. This principle is very important, as different methods of preparing the accounts may render completely different results. This would make it difficult for users of the financials to accurately interpret the financial results. Without the consistency principle, unscrupulous accountants would be able to change methods in an attempt to manipulate the results. The consistency principle also ensures that the method used to allocate cost is the same method used to establish the value of assets. The third principle is the separate legal entity concept. It is important that the accounts of the business be kept separate from the personal accounts of the owners. The business is what is referred to as a separate legal entity and maintains its separate accounts. This accounting principle, are applied not only to small companies but to large complicated companies as well. For example, the payment of dividends which is a transaction between the business and its owners, basically the owners withdrawing cash or other assets from the business is not treated as an expense, but as distribution to owners. The fourth principle is the going concern concept which is all about the assumption that the business will continue into the foreseeable future. At first glance, this may be considered mundane, however it is important that the going concern status of the business be extremely clear. Where it is known that the business will not continue to operate it should be clearly stated as well. For a business that is not a going concern, the value of the assets will be determined differently than for a going concern. This will therefore affect any analytical review of the accounts. The fifth principle is the conservative principle. Accountants are not supposed to be too optimistic or ambitious in their work. In personal life they may well be the most ambitious and optimistic among us, but not at work. Accountants are required to be conservative in their preparation of the books. The accountant should be careful therefore not to overstate assets or understate liabilities. Provision for bad debt is a good example of the conservatism principle at work. The provision is made because it is generally accepted that not all debtors will pay all of what they owe. The accountant will therefore make a deduction for a percentage she or he thinks will not be collected. The sixth and seventh principle is the matching principle and the prudence principle. The matching principle is the one to remember, because it cuts deep into what accounting is all about. This principle states simply that the expense incurred to generate the revenue earned in this period should be expensed in this period as well. So the expense should be recorded in the same period the revenue is earned. Keep that info close to your heart, it’s that important. While the prudence principle is similar to the conservative principle which is the need for accountants to be more willing to understate than overstate profit. Under the prudence principle revenue should not be anticipated, while expenses and losses should be anticipated and charged against income. Finally, it is the matching principle. This principle allows the accountant to ignore generally accepted accounting principles. By doing so it would not influence the financial position of the company and/or would be costly and difficult to accomplish. Where an entry affects the financial position of the business entity, the entry is considered material and should be recorded according to GAAP stipulations.