How Is Slaughterhouse 5 Anti War English Literature Essay

How Is Slaughterhouse 5 Anti War English Literature Essay This essay explores and analyses how Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 is an anti-war novel. There are various instances throughout the novel which demonstrate that the author was trying to condemn the notion of war. Vonnegut was inspired via his experiences during the war, the protagonist of the novel, Billy Pilgrim, expresses Vonneguts perspective regarding the horrors of war. The main indications in the novel which denoted anti-war were Vonneguts unique literature techniques, humanism and author positioning. Throughout this essay, I will examine how Vonnegut effectively deploys his techniques in the novel and convinces readers. The incorporation of science fiction with the Tralfamadorians by Vonnegut operates as a further method to express his feelings against warfare. It was described in the novel that the Tralfamadorians are capable of observing a fourth dimension. Due to this special ability, they hold a completely different mentality in comparison to humans. The Tralfamadorians say how only on earth is there talk of free will (Slaughterhouse 5 pg.133). This represents the view of Vonnegut that humans beliefs of free will are causing the war. Hence the Tralfamadorians belief of fatalism  aims to justify the irrationality of war by criticizing humans thoughtless decisions on initiating wars. (Cacicedo 2005) The Tralfamadorians also stated that there will always be war on earth since humans are designed that way.  This statement was intended by Vonnegut to dishonor war and label it in a negative way. In addition, the existence of the Tralfamadorians in this novel is another way Vonnegut thinks about th e war. The hallucinations Billy experiences after the war tells the readers how his life has changed, and also shows how he is trying to erase his horrific memory of the war by escaping his reality and embracing the Tralfamadorian world and their philosophy on life. Therefore Vonnegut is deploying authorial voice technique to expose his views on philosophy towards the readers, this was achieved by contrasting the concepts of philosophy between humans and Tralfamadorians. The fire bombing of Dresden in Germany was an extremely influential event for Vonnegut. As Vonnegut recalls the incident in Dresden, he relates the event in a way that allows the reader to engage in his personal perspective of the incident. He encounters the Dresden experience with condolence and sadness rather than aggression, pain and resentfulness. Billy observes the sadistic and cruelty of the world when city of Dresden gets bombed. He feels the awkward misery over the attack due to his situation of being ambushed by his allies and he experiences and sees the suffering of his enemies. In this way, Vonnegut draws attention of the reader to the underlying theme of a mans capacity of violence and cruelty. Billy also described aftermath of the attack by saying Once a beautiful city looking like the surface of the moon. Therefore by utilizing the voice of Billy, Vonnegut is trying to persuade the readers that any sort of massacre, even those of our enemies, should not to be considered with satisfaction or joy as we all are humans to be valued. Another reason how this book promotes anti-war can be noticed by the title, Childrens crusade. This title represents the soldiers in the warfare, as children thus implying that they are naÃÆ' ¯ve and innocent. Another reason why Vonnegut portrayed the soldiers as children is to emphasize the fact that the wars are fought by the children, who are incapable of comprehending the cause of the war. Therefore Vonnegut attempts to convey his message that these children soldiers are being exploited by sadistic leaders. Vonnegut has chosen the word children as children have no duty in war thus the war should not be occurring. This also leads the reader to be sympathetic of the soldiers; they are depicted without any independent thought and do not have the motivation to take other peoples lives. Vonnegut is also trying to cast a negative light upon the instigators of war with this title. Thus the overall message of Slaughterhouse 5 is that war is not heroic or glorious and that government p ropaganda tries to blind people from the ugly truth of warfare. It can then be seen with these elements that Vonnegut is endorsing a negative perspective towards war. The literary technique of irony is also employed to further uphold the anti-war theme by making light of a horrific scenes and misery from war. This use of black humor makes Vonneguts audience laugh inappropriately at instances of death and destruction which then leaves a significant impact upon the reader. Vonnegut does this to effectively convey his anti-war sentiment by manipulating his audience to feel guilty and ashamed. Another aim for this technique is to allow the readers to deeply reflect on the negative side of war. The main example of irony used in this novel by Vonnegut is would be the ending of the novel, when the bird says poo too weet! to Billy after there is a lengthy passage detailing a pile of rotting bodies. This signifies that the war is nonsensical and unnecessary just like what the bird has said to Billy. A further example of irony used in the novel is the highly unlikely instance where the trained infantry scouts are killed, however Billy and Ronald who are not trained, survive. Thus this is a technique creates a guilty conscience for the readers because war is inappropriate subject to be laughed at. This exploitation of the readers consciences towards the issue of war relates back to the anti-war sentiment that is evident throughout the novel. Lastly, a prayer in the novel which goes as follows G-d grant me The serenity to accept The things I cannot change, Courage To change the things I can, And wisdom always To tell the difference. (Slaughterhouse 5, pg. 137) This prayer by Vonnegut epitomizes his message and demand towards the readers. Vonnegut is trying to tell the readers that some parts of life are inevitable and must be acknowledged, but there are numerous aspects in life which must be changed. Vonnegut argues that we must utilize our beyond abilities in order to learn and change. Thus the destiny of future can be adjusted by our act. The novel Slaughterhouse 5 was produced by Vonnegut to expose his negative reflection towards war in order to persuade the readers. Another purpose of this novel is to prevent the occurrence of wars to come in the future. Vonnegut has achieved this by employing various methods in his writing, such as literature techniques, humanism and author positioning. The Vonneguts aim in creating this novel was to share his emotional experiences and to allow people to understand the grief he attained from war. This was accomplished by revealing the misery side of the war and proposing his philosophy. In conclusion, Vonneguts Slaughterhouse 5 can be perceived in numerous ways. It can be recognized as science fiction novel, semi-autobiographical novel and unquestionably as an anti war book. Vonnegut successfully conveys his thoughts and message to the readers by effectively deploying his techniques to convince the readers.

American Declaration of Independence a product of the European Enlightenment

The United States Declaration of Independence adopted in 1776 by the congress was a product of the European enlightenment as it drew it's philosophical basis from European era of reason. This declaration focusing on individual rights and as well as the right to revolt, borrows deeply the Europe philosophers recommendations having studied in details institutions of governance and incorporation of scientific knowledge to aid mankind. England being one of the most enlightened country by then, was the colonizer of the American thereby influencing the political leaders focus in America at that time (Jefferson et al, 21-23).Therefore, American revolution protest against the England authority provided the blue print in the reorganization for democratic society that was later to be emulated by many in the world. Donald et al (51-52) argues that, the foundations of the enlightenment were laid back in 17th and 16 th centuries as European expanded it's territories to Asia, Africa, America colon ization as well as the advancement of the scientific revolution.Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson formed the main anchors in the establishment of the the Great revolution in America and establishment of the declaration by drafting the initial draft and leading the later amendments. Declaration preparation Liam (331) points out that, as Jefferson prepared the declaration strongly envied great personalities in Europe that gave him the inspiration. Francis Bacon who was referred by Jefferson as the modern science father or English enlightenment godfather, advocated for applied sciences at the expense of basic science and technology.Jefferson was even more inspired by Bacon's stand on the need to advance knowledge for the sake of the people. He believed that greater things were possible with conventional knowledge through the basic realm of ethics, science and politics. According to Annenberg Foundation Trust (91), Sir Isaac Newton theories of mechanics and the consequent discovery of the gravity laws through the mathematics principles molded Jefferson's believe in divinity and its resultant harmony.As adopted in the American Declaration, Christianity and scientific deism strongly held that in total, that nature was as a result of supreme divine work but subjected to the universal laws with the divine power being fully absent (Jefferson et al, 23). John Locke who lived from 1632-1704 influenced the larger Europe and later the establishment of the American Declaration of Independence with might. Jefferson was a strong advocate for the Locke's ideas that emphasized for reasoning in all the decisions made when governing people.Jefferson also adopted in the declaration, the idea of nature and limits during governance in order to realize various objectives (Gearon, 52-53). As strongly advocated for in the declaration, Jefferson from Locke, enshrined the concept of innate knowledge and morality. As it comes out in the declaration, individuals beliefs and morality m ust be respected since they are unique and at all times, the governing institutions must protect them. In addition, the declaration calls for justice which Locke emphasized must be used to reduce the societal injustices.In his letter of Human understanding he insisted on knowledge and establishment of facts for scientific and Human understanding. Basement of human rights At the onset of eighteenth century, French and Britain thinkers laid the ground work for for observing and adopting human rights in the society. They believed that human rights must be entrenched deeply in the political governance structures of any society. Europe having undergone the great war in the mid 17th century which was sparked by religion, political and economic strife had understood importance and significance of democracy towards development.King George's letter of May 1775 requesting him to address the grievances of the people went unanswered resulting to the assumption of responsibilities by the congres s to govern the US. Governance and English colonies. America having been discovered back in 1942, the inhabitants understood that they needed the freedom just like the European countries were enjoying. As indicated earlier, Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the declaration, established the need to have free people in order to achieve development in the country. It insisted on the need for technological advancement for the full human potentials to be appreciated (Jefferson et al, 23).Under the oppression therefore it was impossible to trend the same path as the people like Isaac Newton and Locke had moved through. Government support for the people which Britain was advocating, totally lacked provoking revolts in order to achieve the expected results. Like in Europe the declaration insisted that, governments are instituted by men who directly derive their power with the consent of the governed. Therefore, whenever the administration by the people turns out to be destructive, the governed h as the right to disband it at will.Jefferson insisted that it is better ignorance than error and insisted that truth must form the basis of their liberation. England as it held the 13 united states did not fully allow them to access freedom of governance and even after the declaration it sought the help of Germans to fight back. As independent as England country was, the declaration sought to ensure happiness to the people of America (Gearon, 52-53). The king of Britain being ruthless, ruled through usurpations and injuries, inflicted tyranny over all the states that drew the anger from the people prompting their quest for freedom.As the European philosophers had discovered, there was need to go an extra mile in order for their freedom to be achieved. Major discoveries were not established without struggle as Isaac Newton indicates in his scientific discoveries. Religion spread. Europe acted as the conduit through which religion was transferred to majority of other countries and sta tes in the world. Britain hosting Independent and Presbyterian church established the nobility of the divine power which formed the basis of drafting the declaration.Strong revolutionaries and philosophers underscored the essence divinity that was evident in the later application of the statues contained in the declaration by the leaders. Freedom for all the people without discrimination either of their color or race indicated the quest for human sovereignty at all times (Liam, 331). To increase the harmony and improved cohesion, Jefferson strongly believed that there always was supreme powers that even though not actively or directly involved stood to reward the good deeds at all times.Differentiation was specially derived and the great divide experienced during the prior years in Britain and Germany was avoided. It was used to bring sanity and harmony among the people who had been long oppressed therefore ensuring a smooth transition. Later during the Americans liberation, religio n and divinity was anchored in the people's attitudes as they ensured that their quests did not result to blood shed at any moment. Martin Luther king junior called for peaceful demonstration where they could articulate their ideas without causing any harm or suffering to the people (Jefferson et al, 23).Modernization in America Due to great oppression by the colonial masters in all the states, modernization was impossible with all the economical and political structures being controlled by the King of Britain. Strong institutions of governance in the whole of Europe especially in England, Germany and France were envied by those who drafted the declaration having schooled in the European countries (Annenberg Foundation Trust, 89). Great inspiration was derived from the strong industrial revolution and economic sustenance in their countries.Due to these muscles in their own countries the political might which made England manage to fight from far and assume such powers, was highly en vied (Paul, 279-280). Conclusion. Declaration of American independence is a clear indication of the European enlightenment influence into the American development of their governing institutions. From the writers of the declaration, to the whole USA, the early philosophers and scientific discoverers propelled the quest for freedom in America (Paul, 110).Besides, the declaration was written during the time when oppression from the Britain King had reached it's peak and slave trade effects were most rampant. Setting of the European countries that helped them establish strong structures in their governance anchorage was highly emulated making America to later win the fight with Britain. Finally, religion as spread by the colonialists formed the basis for determination that the task they embarking on was noble thereby assisting them to remain together in the quest fro freedom. References Annenberg Foundation Trust. Understanding Democracy: A Hip Pocket Guide.Washington: Oxford Universit y Press, 2006. Donald, K. , Steven, O. , & Frank, M. The western heritage. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. Gearon, L. Freedom of Expression and Human Rights: Historical, Literary and Political Contexts. Washington: Academic press. 2006. Jefferson, Thomas. , Garnet, K. , & Michael, H. The Declaration of Independence. Washington; Verso, 2007. Liam Gearon. Human Rights & Religion: A Reader guide. London: Sussex Academic Press, 2002. Paul, A. (2001). The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

The Bizarre Secret of Gre Writing Essay Samples

The Bizarre Secret of Gre Writing Essay Samples Essay writing isn't a simple endeavor, some might think that it is but what they aren't conscious of is that, it takes a lot of hard work and a focus mind. 1 area which uses marketing greatly in the service industry involved with essay writing, essay writing companies need fantastic advertising strategies to promote their services to internet customers. You're worried that someone will learn that you've been using writing service. If you need assistance writing an essay, our crew of talented researchers and writers will produce a special paper for your demands. Composing an essay is a better device of learning compared to checking out for instance, as a result of simple fact that in the event that you have the ability to write concerning what you've discovered in addition to checked out, it usually means that you've comprehended the material completely. The thesis statement controls your whole paper. 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Nursing Critical Thinking Inventory - 2042 Words

1. How do you justify your thinking to someone who questions your conclusions? 2. Do you ever think aloud, or do you wait to speak until you have your ideas firmly in place? Why? 3. In what situations are you easily swayed from your thinking by someone else’s opinion? Contextual Perspective 1. Describe how you approach an ambiguous situation. 2. How often, and under what circumstances, do you ask questions that start with â€Å"But what if†¦?† or â€Å"It depends†¦?† 3. When you tell a story, do you tend to include background information, or do you keep more strictly to the point? Why? Creativity 1. Describe something you did in the past month that required innovation thinking. Why do you think it was innovative? 1. How do you justify†¦show more content†¦I can find information of eclampsia and magnesium sulfate through online resources and provide the necessary information to clarify any confusion about the conclusion. Eclampisa is a life threatening complication that may occur during pregnancy and described as the mother experiencing seizures or coma, without having any previous history of convulsions or brain disorder. Magnesium Sulfate is the recommend anti-convulsant since the medication is safe for the mother and not harmful for the baby (Ross 2012). 2. Do you ever think aloud, or do you wait to speak until you have your ideas firmly in place? Why? Speaking aloud to myself is something that helps me organize my thoughts. Thinking about something may sound different once you have say it out load. Thinking aloud enables you to compare. â€Å"To compare is to examine similarities and differences among things in the same general category† (Wilkinson 2012, p. 48). Also by speaking aloud you are allowing yourself to reflect and analyze your ideas. Reflection is a habit of the mind described as, â€Å" Contemplation upon a subject, especially one’s assumptions and thinking for the purposes of deeper understanding and self-evaluation† (Scheffer Rubenfeld 2000, p. 358). Analyzing is a skill defined as, â€Å" Separating or breaking a whole into parts to discover their nature, function and relationships† (Scheffer Rubenfeld 2000, p. 358). Drawing fromShow MoreRelatedProfessional Level Vs. Baccalaureate Degree Level945 Words   |  4 Pagesevident in the reaction time, data collection, critical thinking and data analysis. Both the BSN and ADN nurse are held at the same standard when it comes to performance and the expectation stays the same. Getting a bachelors degree requires a lot of research and there is more critical think courses involved, BSN nurses are highly experienced than one trained at ADN level nurses. 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The West African Nation of Nigeria - 547 Words

The West African nation of Nigeria is rich in oil and natural resources. However, ongoing internal conflicts hinder the country from benefitting from its natural wealth. Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria had two coups and various violent protracted conflicts. The major conflicts in the country are religious, ethnic, economic, and political. However, ethnic and religious conflicts alone claim thousands of lives and affect the countrys economy enormously. Grievance over power distribution and wealth allocation between the Muslim dominated north, and the Christian dominated south created a dip division among the two religious groups. Military rule, poor governance, and corruption also became major impediments for the economic growth and peacebuilding in the country. In addition to exacerbating poverty, bad governance is often cited for the rise of religious and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria. In this short essay, I discuss the role of religion in the ongoing conflicts of Nigeria. I also discuss the different factors that exacerbate the religious conflict. The essay also discusses how the teachings of Islam and Christianity are used to transform the conflict. Examples are drawn from conflict transformation effort by two religious leaders, Pastor James Wuye and Imam Muhammad Ashafa. The essay finishes with a brief conclusion. 2. Brief History of Colonization and Political Conflict in Nigeria Historians date the root of the political conflict in Nigeria to the colonialShow MoreRelatedCivil Wars in Western Africa: Nigeria, Sierra Leone1743 Words   |  7 Pagesplace in Nigeria, and the civil war that happened in Sierra Leone. And by breaking down the events that took place and exploring the causes of both civil wars, I will try and deduce the similarities and differences, if any, both countries had leading up to their respective civil wars. Historically, West Africa is a zone were there has been a plethora of conflicts. 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The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the different peoples of Nigeria. Like most modern African nations, Nigeria was an artificial construct, put together byRead MoreThe Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On Nigeria1665 Words   |  7 Pagestalent and black pride like Nigeria.† There is certainly truth to these words. The west african country of Nigeria has proven itself to be a successful and enduring land. As the English began exploring and colonizing the land grounded in tradition and folklore, Nigeria effectively adapted and grew. Even when torn apart, Nigeria has pulled itself back together and grown stronger. There are many aspects to Nigeria’s culture that are worth considering. 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Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies Free Essays

Attitudes towards Test Tube Babies [pic] Name of Student: Yuhan Huang (Sheley) AE teacher: Michelle Crockford AE Class: February 4 Abstract The objective of this report is to present the attitudes and ideas shared by International Education Services Limited (IES) students and students from the university of Queensland (UQ) in relation to their knowledge and personal opinions concerning Invitro fertilization The survey used data collected from male and female students between the ages of 15 and 30 living in the State of Queensland. The participants were given 20 questions to answer in privacy and without any degree of pressure. The questions related to their personal details and to the IVF program in particular. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of the investigation was to gather an overall point of view as to whether IVF was indeed seen as an accepted type of program among this age group. In conclusion it is reasonable to think that another survey with an older more experienced age group would more likely give a variation in results. Because this selected age group were students, their knowledge and experience directly with IVF was limited. However, it is important to recoginse the opinions of youth as they are the future generation of adults. Introduction In recent years, babies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) have been a topic of moral discussion around the world. This form of reproduction is not considered a natural and acceptable way of giving birth in some people’s eyes. Many infertile couples in particular, rely on this new technology since it allows them the choice of having their baby using this method. In-vitro fertilization is defined by, â€Å"a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the womb (Papanikolaou et al. 006)†. The definition of a test tube baby is one which is the result of a female ovary or egg having been fertilised with a male sperm inside a test tube, the resulting impregnated egg is implanted in the uterus of a female, growing into a foetus and developing baby by the time of birth. (Muffin, 2007). According to Walsh (2008), three million test tub e babies have been born throughout the world in this way so far, and this number continues to increase at a rate of eleven thousand each year. In 1978, the world’s first successful â€Å"test-tube† baby, Louise Brown, was born in Great Britain. The baby girl weighed five-pound 12- ounces and was delivered early via Caesarean section. The process had been a success; this process proved Dr. Steptoe and Dr. Edwards had accomplished the first of many test tube babies (Rosenberg, 1970). In Australia, the first test tube baby, Candice Elizabeth Reed, was born in 1980 (Screen Australia, 1982). Infertility afflicts thousand’s of married couples feeling frustration at being childless. In India, there is an infertility clinic which provides moral, emotional and the most advanced technical support for couples wishing to solve their fertility issues. However, the religion of Islam is totally against IVF and has been banned by the by Islamic Fiqh Council (1986). In addition, they thought that in-vitro fertilization was unlawful because it could result in confusion with regard to parentage (Islamic Perspective, 2007). Prior to the birth of the first test tube babies such as Louise Brown, people worldwide were hesitant to use this method thinking that there could be risks involved. However, in time the health and well being of those babies born through IVF programs have proven to the world that this method is indeed safe. Hence the fears have almost disappeared. However, many people still have many misconceptions about a test tube baby and some countries do not allow the manufacturing of test tube babies. If a baby can be created in a test tube, then infertile couples stand a better chance of having a family then by other means. The aim of this report is to examine the attitudes of people towards the adoption of in vitro-fertilization. This paper will first discus the methodology and select the survey question from this research, then a summary of the questionnaire results will be introduced,   followed by a discussion, conclusion and recommendations. Method In this report, quantitative methodology was chosen for this research. Because of the complexities associated with unstructured interview technique and time constraints. A questionnaire was designed to examine the different opinions of International Education Services Limited (IES) and University of Queensland (UQ) students attitude towards the adoption of in vitro-fertilization (refer Appendix A). The main types of questions asked included; those about personal details and personal experiences together with questions on people’s points of view about in–vitro fertilization. There were 30 students who were all volunteers. 10 out of participants were male and 20 of them were female. The students were chosen randomly from state library and UQ library all full time students between the ages of 15 to 30. Religion, political affiliation and socio-economic status were considered unimportant. Confidentiality was ensured by not recording names. Questionnaires were completed by students and the data was then collated and analysed. The questionnaire was limited by the fact that many of the participants were too young to have had any real personal experience in dealing with IVF, however some were able to relate to friends or family who had used the IVF program successfully. Some of the participants only vaguely knew any of factual or historical knowledge about IVF. The interest that the questionnaire generated among participants and their honest and forthright answers proved to be a bonus as far as the questionnaire was concerned. Interpretation of Results Questions 1 and 2 were basic and asked about personal knowledge of in vitro-fertilization (IVF) and test-tube babies. The participants generally have heard about IVF. There are about 83. 3% students know about this topic as can be seen in the results, the ridiculous thing is that there are five students who have never heard of IVF, but one of them knew the process involved in making a test-tube baby. Questions 3 to 13 were probing and in-depth in order to obtain the participant’s sincere and knowledgeable reaction to each question. It was rewarding to see that so many agreed with the IVF program and its aims and benefits. In addition, a high percentage of participants were neutral about many of these questions. This could have meant that they really didn’t know a great deal about IVF or weren’t sure of the answer. Questions 14 through to 19 extended the questioning into the sphere of Government funding. Here 70% of males and 80% of females believed that the Government should provide funding for the IVF program. 6 months to 1 year in Question 18 seems a short time time for most to choose, however this would reflect the experience of the participants. The respondents were generally concerned about this topical issue and its bearing on modern society. They all saw the positive outcome where couples could become happy and have a baby of their own. They concerned themselves with the possibility of defective babies being born. Their eagerness to be involved in the questionnaire showed the openness which they had in being part of the solution to any problem involving IVF. Because their was no influence give by other parties to participants in answering the 20 questions, it can be said that this was a survey with genuine results. Notwithstanding that there were factors which did not fit in exactly with the aim of the survey, such as the young age of some participants along with people having limited knowledge there was sufficient suitable data collected to give a commendable result. The language used in the questionnaire was understood by all participants. Key words such as: in-vitro fertilization, partially, afflicts, infertile, federal funding, prohibitive, DNA did not require any explanation, however some Asian students did request help in sentence meanings. Most people showed a basic understanding on what IVF was meant to do; that is to enable pregnancy to take place, surprisingly in the same question, number 16 very few saw any real concern for safety, acknowledging the medical competency that exist with this program. Recommendation As the findings have indicated, most people were concerned with couples having the need to have a baby if they so desired. It would therefore be in the interest of the â€Å"powers to be,† that Government and medical bodies proceed vigorously with greater implementation and assistance for the IVF program. Question 17 showed that most participants saw two important concerns; that of costing, and concern for babies having defects. Both government and medical procedures can overcome these potential barriers with more funding and improved research respectively. It is interesting to note that in question 13, 30% of females strongly disagreed with the concept of the IVF program producing babies as if they were some kind of commodity or product. No males registered any comment. It appears from this statistic that there is no need to educate people further on this ethical side of any argument brought forward. It can be deduced that the data obtained will in some way enlighten readers of this survey, thus strengthening the argument for a continued IVF program existing in the forefront of society for years to come. . The implications of these results are that more research needs to be carried out to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how other age groups see the IVF program. There could also be surveys done involving those of mixed ethnic backgrounds as well as those of different religions and those with ethical and moral demands. Such surveys would need to address a different kind of questioning but it would still be a recommended that can be made here. Researches in the field of Social Science would definitely find this convincing survey beneficial in exploring the human condition surrounding the human condition, be it only for the point of view of 30 young people. How to cite Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies, Essay examples

Owners Equity and the Accounting Concepts free essay sample

Assets, liabilities and owner’s equity are the three components that make up a company’s balance sheet. The balance sheet, which shows a business’s financial condition at any point, is based on the equation of assets equals to liabilities plus owner’s equity. This equation is also the framework track of money as it flows in and out of a company. Starting with the first penny a company earn, will be recorded in a general ledger each and every transaction using double-entry system of debits and credits. Assets get recorded on the top or the left side of the balance sheet while liabilities and owner’s equity are recorded on the bottom or the right side of the balance sheet. An assets is anything of value that a company owns including cash. There are several types of assets that is current assets, investment, capital assets and intangible assets. Current assets are assets with dollar amounts that continually change for example cash, accounts receivable, inventory or raw material of a company uses to make a product. We will write a custom essay sample on Owners Equity and the Accounting Concepts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Investment are assets companies like individuals can own securities such as stock and bonds. While capital assets is also called plant assets which is permanent things that a company owns, use within the business and are not items that the company sells such as land, building, equipment and vehicles. Intangible assets are like patents copyrights and other nonmaterial assets that have value. Liabilities are anything that a company owes to people businesses other than its owners. There are two types of liabilities that is current liabilities and long-term liabilities. In general, if a liability must be paid within a year, it is considered as current assets that includes bills, money a company owe to vendors and suppliers, employee payroll and short-term loans. A long-term liability is any debt that extends beyond one year such as mortgage. Owner’s equity is also called as capital is any debt owed to the business owners. In keeping the books of business, a company must decide the amount to for assets purchased and liabilities incurred. The amount that a company should record assets and liabilities are at the historical cost principle. Historical cost principle is a simple concept which means that the data you see on the balance sheet is recorded at the historical cost. The historical cost is therefore the cost at the time the company or entity completed the transaction. Historical cost accounting is therefore the opposite of current cost accounting. Current cost accounting would record account transactions at the current cost that is the cost at the time the financials were prepared. For example, an asset of land purchased 15 years ago will have appreciated, but it is still shown in the accounting records at its purchase price. Accounting can be completed as it can be simple. In preparing accounts there are several accounting concepts that provide guidance to have a good recorded accounts of your company. It is also commonly referred as generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP). There are several generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP). The first principle is the accrual principle. The accrual principle may be called the mother of all accounting principles. It ensures that revenues and expenses are recorded when earned and incurred and not necessarily when cash is exchanged. The accrual principle therefore brings into play other important principles such as revenue recognition and matching principle. The company will therefore record revenue when the sale is made based on the principles of revenue recognition and will record expenses when incurred and against the revenue it helped to generate based on the matching principle. The second principle is the consistency principle. It requires that accounts be prepared using the same method from period to period. Changes are inevitable, however when these changes are made the accountant is required to explain the change in the notes to the financials. This principle is very important, as different methods of preparing the accounts may render completely different results. This would make it difficult for users of the financials to accurately interpret the financial results. Without the consistency principle, unscrupulous accountants would be able to change methods in an attempt to manipulate the results. The consistency principle also ensures that the method used to allocate cost is the same method used to establish the value of assets. The third principle is the separate legal entity concept. It is important that the accounts of the business be kept separate from the personal accounts of the owners. The business is what is referred to as a separate legal entity and maintains its separate accounts. This accounting principle, are applied not only to small companies but to large complicated companies as well. For example, the payment of dividends which is a transaction between the business and its owners, basically the owners withdrawing cash or other assets from the business is not treated as an expense, but as distribution to owners. The fourth principle is the going concern concept which is all about the assumption that the business will continue into the foreseeable future. At first glance, this may be considered mundane, however it is important that the going concern status of the business be extremely clear. Where it is known that the business will not continue to operate it should be clearly stated as well. For a business that is not a going concern, the value of the assets will be determined differently than for a going concern. This will therefore affect any analytical review of the accounts. The fifth principle is the conservative principle. Accountants are not supposed to be too optimistic or ambitious in their work. In personal life they may well be the most ambitious and optimistic among us, but not at work. Accountants are required to be conservative in their preparation of the books. The accountant should be careful therefore not to overstate assets or understate liabilities. Provision for bad debt is a good example of the conservatism principle at work. The provision is made because it is generally accepted that not all debtors will pay all of what they owe. The accountant will therefore make a deduction for a percentage she or he thinks will not be collected. The sixth and seventh principle is the matching principle and the prudence principle. The matching principle is the one to remember, because it cuts deep into what accounting is all about. This principle states simply that the expense incurred to generate the revenue earned in this period should be expensed in this period as well. So the expense should be recorded in the same period the revenue is earned. Keep that info close to your heart, it’s that important. While the prudence principle is similar to the conservative principle which is the need for accountants to be more willing to understate than overstate profit. Under the prudence principle revenue should not be anticipated, while expenses and losses should be anticipated and charged against income. Finally, it is the matching principle. This principle allows the accountant to ignore generally accepted accounting principles. By doing so it would not influence the financial position of the company and/or would be costly and difficult to accomplish. Where an entry affects the financial position of the business entity, the entry is considered material and should be recorded according to GAAP stipulations.